顶部注气稳定重力驱技术有效应用探讨

顶部注气稳定重力驱是所有注气非混相驱中提高采收率幅度最高的最新开发方式,对影响顶部注气稳定重力驱关键因素及应用到国内油田现场需考虑的因素进行了重点研究。研究认为,气油界面稳定性是顶部注气稳定重力驱实施成功与否的关键,地质因素的地层倾角、储层非均质性（韵律性、隔夹层、高角度裂缝等）和开发因素的临界注气速度、区域注采比是影响气油界面稳定性的关键因素;通过量化由于特殊的生产工作方式造成的初期产量阶段损失,为油田现场选择最佳实施顶部注气稳定重力驱时机提供可靠依据,并以中国西部某油藏为例,提出“注采兼顾、分区控压限产”的注气采油新开发技术政策,为国内其他类似油藏实施顶部注气稳定重力驱技术提供抛砖引玉的作用。     

气顶油藏顶部注氮气重力驱数值模拟研究

针对江苏油田欧北区块的地质条件和开发现状,建立了顶部注氮气重力驱数值模型.从生产井和注入井的控制条件及地质条件出发,分析了影响气顶油藏顶部注氮气重力驱开发效果的各种因素,在此基础上对各种方案的开发指标进行计算对比,并对该区块提高采收率的潜力进行评价,提出了适合同类气顶油藏的开发模式.研究结果表明,气顶油藏顶部注氮气重力驱可以有效地提高采收率,达到降水增油的效果;提高采液速度并不能改善顶部注氮气重力驱的开发效果;注气速度对开发效果以及气顶边缘推进速度有很大的影响,并且存在最佳和临界注气速度.研究区块的最佳注气速度为12500～17500 m3/d,临界注气速度为30000 m3/d.     

气顶油藏顶部注氮气重力驱数值模拟研究

针对江苏油田欧北区块的地质条件和开发现状，建立了顶部注氮气重力驱数值模型。从生产井和注入井的控制条件及地质条件出发，分析了影响气顶油藏顶部注氮气重力驱开发效果的各种因素，在此基础上对各种方案的开发指标进行计算对比，并对该区块提高采收率的潜力进行评价，提出了适合同类气顶油藏的开发模式。研究结果表明，气顶油藏顶部注氮气重力驱可以有效地提高采收率，达到降水增油的效果；提高采液速度并不能改善顶部注氮气重力驱的开发效果；注气速度对开发效果以及气顶边缘推进速度有很大的影响，并且存在最佳和临界注气速度。研究区块的最佳注气速度为12500～17500m^3／d，临界注气速度为30000m^3／d。     

重力稳定气驱判别模型和试验

通过室内试验,研究储层倾角、注入速率和原油黏度等因素对重力稳定注气提高驱油效率的影响,根据注采数据和管内残余油砂分布,分析其提高采收率原理。通过理论推导,建立简易量化的顶部注气重力稳定判别模型NGAGI,综合考虑储层倾角、渗透率、驱替液与被驱替液密度差异、原油黏度和注气速率等因素的影响。结果表明:增大地层倾角、减小注气速率和降低原油黏度,可延长重力稳定高效驱油时间,提高采收率,气驱后管内残余油砂分布显示,排除端部效应导致模型两端效果不好,模型中部重力稳定气驱后残余油饱和度低于10%;当NGAGI1时,可实现重力稳定气驱模式,并通过室内和矿场试验验证,可有效评价重力稳定气驱前缘稳定性,为油田矿场应用提供一定的决策依据。     

ZJD油田阜宁组大倾角油藏注CO_2方式探讨

倾角对于CO2驱利用重力来改善驱油效率和提高原油采收率具有重要意义。针对ZJD油田阜宁组大倾角油藏,应用数值模拟方法研究了地层倾角和注气部位对CO2驱油效果的影响。结果表明:随着地层倾角的增加,注CO2驱油采出程度也增加,而油藏高部位剩余油饱和度降低。低部位注气采出程度均低于高部位注气,且地层倾角越小,高部位注气的优势越不明显,地层倾角越大,高部位注气效果越好,CO2可在高部位形成小的气顶,更有利于气驱油。应用大倾角油藏实际地质模型研究注气方式对CO2驱油效果的影响,高部位注气比低部位注气可提高采收率8.69%,并可动用更多的储量。油藏现场实际应用后取得初步效果,高部位注气半年后油藏腰部的中心井从无产量恢复到9.3 t的原油产量。     

缝洞单元注水驱油可视化物理模拟研究

为了研究缝洞油藏注水驱油机理,以及注采参数对注水开发效果的影响,采用可视化物理模拟的方法研究了注采井位、注水强度对缝洞型油藏剩余油分布、含水率、采收率的作用机制。同时进行了单相物"理模拟实验和注气提高采收率实验。研究发现:注采井位对水驱油效果产生明显影响,底部注水的采收率高于顶部注水。低流速范围内,无论注水井位置如何,重力对油水置换都起到积极的作用。在一定的流速范围内,注入速度越大,注入压力越大,生产井见水略早,含水采油期越长,采收率越高。单相物理模拟实验,在低流速范围内注入压力与注入速度成线性关系;在高流速范围内注入压力与注入速度成非线性关系。研究结果表明:注气可以有效地驱替缝洞中的剩余油,特别是对阁楼油和绕流油效果显著。     

裂缝性油藏注气提高采收率技术进展

注气可以维持裂缝性储层的地层压力,并提高驱油效率。阐述了世界裂缝性油藏注气提高原油采收率（EOR）技术的发展概况,分析和讨论了裂缝性储层注气开采特征、室内实验研究及理论研究技术现状。指出,储层中裂缝发育方向和程度严重影响注气驱替效果;气驱突破速度未必比水驱突破快;气驱波及范围有可能比水驱波及范围广。多孔介质将影响流体相态、油气混相性及气驱油机理,建议加强考虑双重介质特性的注气驱相关室内实验研究和混相理论研究。     

致密油藏提高采收率方法与理论研究进展

全面梳理了近十年来国内外有关致密油藏提高采收率方法的研究进展,提升总结了理论层面认识,从作用机理方面客观分析了各类方法的可行性,指出了目前室内研究和现场应用中存在的技术难点和问题,并展望了未来致密油藏提高采收率的研究重点和发展方向.历经多年的探索,已初步形成了注气、化学方法、智能水、溶剂法和纳米流体等提高致密油藏采收率...     

非均质油藏中水气交替驱油机理研究

分别利用均质和非均质岩心模型,进行了连续气驱和水气交替驱油实验,研究了不同非均质性模型中,注气方式对气驱油效果影响的差异。结果表明,均质模型中水驱后连续注气与水气交替提高驱油效率幅度分别为15.8%和14.9%,注气方式对气驱油效率影响较小;而非均质模型中直接水气交替驱原油采收率为78%,连续注气、间歇注采和周期注气原油采收率分别为41.9%、32.2%和42.3%,水气交替注入原油采收率最高,气体注入方式对气驱原油采收率影响较大。均质模型中,气驱后水气交替驱时,水段塞为主要驱油段塞;而非均质模型中,气驱后水气交替驱时,气体段塞是主要驱油段塞。     

泡沫油注气吞吐参数影响规律实验分析

冷采后期稠油油藏泡沫油现象逐渐消失,开发效果变差。从注气形成二次泡沫油的角度出发,以非常规实验与压力衰竭实验为依据,揭示泡沫油特性,分析各类泡沫油油藏模拟模型的适用性,系统评价注气吞吐提高该类油藏采收率的可行性,研究注采工艺等参数的影响规律。研究表明,泡沫油存在拟泡点压力,且随静止时间的减小而减小,泡沫油压缩系数在10～0.012 MPa -1之间,高于常规原油。6组分泡沫油模型的拟合精度最高,对该类油藏的适用性最强。泡沫油油藏注气吞吐开发存在最佳的注气时机及焖井时间;增加注气速度、注气压力和采液速度有利于改善注气吞吐开发效果;出砂冷采及注气吞吐开发过程中应尽可能加快溶解气及注入气向分散气的转化速度。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.