F-T柴油/乙醇混合燃料的燃烧及排放特性

在具有高十六烷值的F-T柴油中添加不同比例的乙醇燃料制得乙醇/F-T柴油混合燃料,通过与0#柴油和纯F-T柴油进行比较,研究其燃烧和排放特性。研究结果表明:与0#柴油相比,F-T柴油的滞燃期最短,混合燃料的滞燃期小于0#柴油、大于F-T柴油,且混合燃料乙醇比例越高,滞燃期越长;混合燃料燃烧始点提前,累计放热量达50%时的曲轴转角CA50增大,燃烧放热中心推迟,燃烧放热率第一峰值点下降,预混燃烧放热量降低,使燃烧温度降低,第二峰值点上升,扩散燃烧比重增大。在外特性2 000 r/min下,相比于0#柴油,混合燃料E10、E20的NO_x排放分别降低了24.9%和30.6%,碳烟排放分别降低了65.1%和76.2%,甲醛排放分别降低了67.7%和45.9%。     

柴油-丙烷发动机不同喷油提前角时的燃烧和排放特性

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上开展了不同喷油提前角下燃用柴油和柴油-丙烷混合燃料时的燃烧和排放特性研究.研究结果表明:柴油-丙烷混合燃料的燃烧与排放参数随喷油提前角的变化趋势与燃用纯柴油时基本相同;对于给定的平均有效压力,柴油-丙烷混合燃料的放热率峰值和NOx排放随喷油提前角的推迟而减小,而总燃烧持续期、CO、HC和碳烟排放随喷油提前角的推迟而增加;对于给定的平均有效压力和喷油提前角,放热率峰值和NOx排放随混合燃料中丙烷含量的增加而增大,而总燃烧持续期、CO、HC和碳烟排放随丙烷含量的增加而减小.     

压缩比对双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性影响的研究

在一台CY25TQ型柴油机上,对甲醇预混合气F-T柴油引燃燃烧模式下压缩比对发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明：在预混合引燃燃烧方式中,将压缩比从16.9降到15.4过程中,燃烧始点最大推迟到上止点前0.6°CA,爆发压力和最大压力升高率降幅分别达到44.5%、37.7%,瞬时放热率峰值最大增幅达54.4%;HC和CO排放有上升的趋势,NOX 和碳烟排放大幅度降低,碳烟最大降幅为50%。     

食用油下脚料制生物柴油混合燃料的发动机性能改善研究

在单缸直喷柴油机上燃用生物柴油混合燃料进行动力性与经济性、燃烧与排放特性试验。研究表明:与燃用纯生物柴油相比,发动机燃用生物柴油醇类混合燃料功率降低;有效燃油消耗率增加,有效能量消耗率降低;燃烧压力曲线后移,小负荷时峰值压力降低,中高负荷时峰值压力增加;CO与碳烟排放浓度降低(掺混甲醇效果更好)、HC排放略有增加但绝对值低、NOX排放基本保持不变。     

煤基混合燃料对发动机燃烧及振动特性的影响

以Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)柴油为基础油,配以10%体积比的甲醇、丁醇混合燃料,在4100QBZL增压中冷柴油机上进行试验,就煤基混合燃料对柴油机的燃烧过程及振动特性的影响进行研究。研究表明:柴油机燃用F-T柴油、甲醇/F-T及丁醇/F-T燃料时,比0#柴油滞燃期缩短,燃烧始点提前,放热率曲线的第一个峰值点低,同时相位提前,第二个峰值点与0#柴油基本相当,混合燃料燃烧、放热更加柔和;混合燃料的压力升高率曲线的峰值明显低于0#柴油,工作更加柔和;燃用混合燃料时,因燃烧引起的柴油机气缸盖振动明显小于燃用0#柴油,但是燃用混合燃料时对气缸盖的冲击作用高于0#柴油。     

加氢生物柴油-乙醇-柴油在高压共轨柴油机上的燃烧与排放特性

为了研究加氢生物柴油-乙醇-柴油三元燃料的燃烧和排放性能,配制加氢生物柴油-柴油二元燃料(PHC10、PHC20、PHC30)和加氢生物柴油-乙醇-柴油三元燃料(PHC5E5、PHC10E10、PHC15E15),选取1 800r/min时25%、50%、75%和100%负荷工况作为测试工况,在高压共轨四缸柴油机上对各混合燃料进行燃烧试验研究。试验结果表明:在100%负荷工况下,与柴油相比,二元燃料、三元燃料的着火时刻分别提前、滞后,这是加氢生物柴油和乙醇的不同十六烷值影响的结果;二元燃料的着火时刻提前,着火延迟期内形成的可燃混合气数量较少,而且加氢生物柴油的低热值较低、运动黏度较高,在主燃烧阶段内的最大缸压和放热率峰值均低于柴油;对于三元燃料,初期燃烧放热可以有效降低乙醇的汽化潜热带来的不利影响,而且乙醇挥发性能较好和氧含量较高,使得三元燃料在主燃烧阶段内的最大缸压和放热率峰值均大于柴油。三元燃料的HC和CO排放均高于二元燃料,二者的差异随着负荷的增大而减小;混合燃料的NOx排放受负荷影响较大,在25%和50%负荷工况下,三元燃料的NO_x排放低于二元燃料,而在75%和100%负荷工况下呈现相反的趋势;三元燃料的碳烟排放低于二元燃料。该研究可为加氢生物柴油-乙醇-柴油三元燃料在发动机上的应用提供基础数据。     

F-T柴油与生物柴油混合燃料的特性研究

针对目前柴油机替代燃料多为单一项,且替代燃料性能各有特点的状况,将F-T柴油和生物柴油掺混燃烧,通过试验研究,分析了0#柴油与3种混合柴油(B20F,B50F,B100)在2 400r/min不同负荷下的燃烧特性。结果表明,混合燃料随着生物柴油添加比例的增加,滞燃期变长,燃烧压力峰值、压力峰值相位、压力升高率峰值及放热率峰值均逐渐增大,但均比0#柴油低;且随着负荷的增加,燃烧压力、压力升高率和瞬时放热峰值均先增后减;混合燃料的碳烟排放明显降低,B50F和B80F的NOx排放与0#柴油接近,B20F的NOx排放比0#柴油降低了2.1%~16.7%。B20F是一个较好的混合比例,是一种较好的替代燃料。     

乙醚生物柴油混合燃料发动机的燃烧和排放特性

为了研究添加乙醚对生物柴油性能的影响,在1台单缸柴油机上对BD100生物柴油、D2.5(乙醚体积分数为2.5%)与D5(乙醚体积分数为5%)3种燃料的燃烧与排放特性进行了对比试验研究。研究结果表明:与BD100相比,D2.5与D5的燃烧始点在1 500r/min时几乎相同,在1 800r/min时略有延迟;峰值燃烧压力及峰值燃烧放热率增加,但对应的曲轴转角完全相同;第2峰值燃烧放热率明显降低,从而减少了燃烧过程的后燃量;燃烧放热率型心对应曲轴转角靠近上止点,提高了循环定容度,有利于提高有效热效率;有效燃油消耗率明显降低且有效热效率明显提高;1 800r/min负荷特性下,碳烟排放分别平均下降了20.78%与39.59%;1 800r/min负荷特性下,CO排放分别平均降低了27.82%与47.14%;1 800r/min负荷特性下,NOx排放分别平均增加3.41%与7.73%;HC排放没有明显规律。研究结果表明添加乙醚可以改善生物柴油的燃烧和排放特征。     

掺混聚甲氧基二甲醚对中国第六阶段标准柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响

为研究高含氧、高十六烷值的新型替代燃料聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODEn)掺混柴油对中国第六阶段标准柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响,在一台增压中冷高压共轨的潍柴动力WP12.460柴油机上开展了不同PODEn比例(体积分数分别为10%、20%、30%)PODEn/柴油混合燃料燃烧特性、燃油经济性及排放特性的试验研究。试验结果表明,随着PODEn掺混比例的增大,缸内最大爆发压力、缸内温度峰值及瞬时放热率峰值均逐渐降低,且各峰值对应相位逐渐前移;燃烧持续期缩短0.6°～2.1°(曲轴转角),放热更加集中,有效热效率最高可提升2.43%;有效燃油消耗率逐渐增加,但当量有效燃油消耗率逐渐降低,最大降幅为4.23%;NOx排放量略有升高,CO排放量、HC排放量和碳烟排放量均逐渐降低,其中CO排放量和碳烟排放量在高负荷工况下降低幅度较大,最高降幅分别为64.5%和75.8%。     

预喷对DMF/柴油混合燃料燃烧及排放的影响

分析比较了2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)与柴油的理化性能,研究表明DMF的一些理化性能与柴油很接近.在1台改装过的4缸4冲程水冷增压直喷高压共轨柴油机上,以柴油、柴油与DMF的混合物为燃料进行试验,研究了柴油机的燃烧和排放性能.结果表明预喷射可以降低缸内压力和燃烧放热率.随着喷油定时的提前,缸内压力峰值显著增加,但放热率的峰值下降.较小的预喷射提前角能够降低HC和CO的排放,NOx的排放随着喷油正时的提前而增加,碳烟排放随着喷油正时的提前而减少.随着预喷射定时的提前,核模态粒子的数量显著增加,聚集态粒子的数量相应减少.DMF是一种非常有前景的生物燃料,可以减少HC,CO和碳烟的排放,然而会增加NOx的排放.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with