连续重整径向再生器烧炭区的数值模拟

对连续重整径向再生器烧炭区的化学反应过程及传递过程进行了详细的理论分析 ,建立了烧焦反应的本征动力学方程、催化剂内外扩散模型、床层中传质、传热模型以及气固两相的流动模型 ,并在此基础上建立了错流移动床烧焦数学模型。运用该模型计算了连续重整再生器烧炭区床层内的温度、氧浓度和炭浓度的分布。研究结果表明 ,在床层上部内筛网处出现恒定的高温区 ,通过控制再生循环气中氧气的浓度可以控制床层的最高温度 ,并且两段烧焦有利于减少烧焦所需要的床层长度。模拟计算得到的再生器烧炭区床层温度分布与工业现场测量值基本吻合 ,该模型可用于分析和预测连续重整再生器烧炭区床层的温度、氧浓度和炭浓度分布 ,对设计和生产具有一定的指导意义     

催化裂化再生器内气固两相流动及烧焦反应的数值模拟

在气固两相流动模型的基础上,结合催化剂的烧碳、烧氧反应动力学模型,并考虑相问热量、质量传递对流动的影响,建立再生器气固两相流动及烧焦反应模型,对工业再生器进行模拟计算.结果表明:建立的气固两相流动及烧焦反应模型具有良好的预测性,对工业再生器的计算较好地揭示了再生器内的气固流动状况、组分摩尔分数变化及温度场分布等,结果与实际数据基本符合;模拟时忽略了再生器的内构件,对模拟结果有一定的影响.     

重整催化剂冷态提升模式对催化剂再生的影响

介绍了连续重整装置催化剂冷态提升模式新技术,并针对启用冷态提升模式后引发催化剂二次积碳对催化剂再生过程带来的潜在危害进行了简要分析。提出在再生烧焦遇到二次积碳时,再生器烧焦应由白烧改为黑烧,并降低催化剂循环速率至75%或更低,保持烧焦区氧含量在1.1%(摩尔分数)以下直到二次积碳完全通过烧焦区可以有效保护再生器内构件免受损害,防止催化剂烧结失活。     

流化床烧炭再生的传热分析

研究了流化床反应器内烧炭再生时气-固间的传热机理,建立了气-固传热面积模型和床层瞬态传热模型,并将模型计算值与实验测定值进行了对比,二者符合良好.结果表明结焦催化剂高温再生过程中,气、固间存在显著温差.     

流化床烧炭再生的动力学研究--过渡态的动力学模型

考虑内外、扩散的影响下 ,建立了烧炭再生中氧和碳在催化剂颗粒上的浓度分布方程 用单点正交配置法模拟出了焦炭转化率与反应时间的关系模型 ,并将模型计算值与实验测定值进行了比较 ,二者符合良好     

流化床烧炭再生的动力学研究——过渡态的动力学模型

考虑内外、扩散的影响下，建立了烧炭再生中氧和碳在催化剂颗粒上的浓度分布方程．用单点正交配置法模拟出了焦炭转化率与反应时间的关系模型，并将模型计算值与实验测定值进行了比较，二者符合良好．     

氧热法电石生产复合床反应器预热区的设计计算

针对氧热法电石生产工艺中复合床反应器预热区高温CO和原料层进行热交换的体系,建立了计及原料颗粒内热阻的移动床气固两相换热模型。重点考察了反应器预热区气固两相温度的分布,计算了不同原料粒径和不同预热区直径条件下,达到反应器换热要求所需要的换热高度,并得到了气固两相温度分布的解析解。结果表明:(1)颗粒粒径较大时(ε的值小于3.3),颗粒内热阻成为气固两相换热过程的控制步骤,综合考虑床层透气性和床层压降等制约条件,在可选范围之内应优先选用直径为1 cm的原料;(2)移动床气固换热过程主要受控于ε、β和γ这3个无因次参量,并且主要受控于ε;(3)气固两相温度分布的解析解,能为此类颗粒移动床换热过程提供初步设计依据。     

催化裂化装置的动态模拟与操作分析

催化裂化装置的动态模拟和操作分析是优化操作和先进控制的基础.在强调催化裂化动态机理模型的优点后,对二级裂化反应转化率经验模型和集总反应动力学模型两大类动力学模型、再生过程中烧碳、烧氢动力学模型、床层再生器流化模型、快速床再生器流化模型和反应器再生器动态数学模型进行了详细的评述,并指出运用动态机理模型对装置操作进行分析,特别是装置稳定性分析可以为催化裂化装置的设计、操作和控制提供依据.     

催化裂化装置的动态模拟与操作分析

催化裂化装置的动态模拟和操作分析是优化操作和先进控制的基础。在强调催化裂化动态机理模型的优点后,对二级裂化反应转化率经验模型和集总反应动力学模型两大类动力学模型、再生过程中烧碳、烧氢动力学模型、床层再生器流化模型、快速床再生器流化模型和反应器 再生器动态数学模型进行了详细的评述,并指出运用动态机理模型对装置操作进行分析,特别是装置稳定性分析可以为催化裂化装置的设计、操作和控制提供依据     

氧热法电石生产复合床反应器预热区的设计计算

针对氧热法电石生产工艺中复合床反应器预热区高温CO和原料层进行热交换的体系,建立了计及原料颗粒内热阻的移动床气固两相换热模型。重点考察了反应器预热区气固两相温度的分布,计算了不同原料粒径和不同预热区直径条件下,达到反应器换热要求所需要的换热高度,并得到了气固两相温度分布的解析解。结果表明：（1）颗粒粒径较大时（ε的值小于33）,颗粒内热阻成为气固两相换热过程的控制步骤,综合考虑床层透气性和床层压降等制约条件,在可选范围之内应优先选用直径为1cm的原料;（2）移动床气固换热过程主要受控于ε、β和γ这3个无因次参量,并且主要受控于ε;（3）气固两相温度分布的解析解,能为此类颗粒移动床换热过程提供初步设计依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to