Damage mechanism at different transpassive potentials of solution-annealed 316 and 316l stainless steels

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), anodic polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the damage mechanism in the transpassive potential region of AISI 316 and AISI 316L solution-annealed stainless steels (SS) with different degrees of sensitization. Depending on the DC potential applied during EIS tests, the AC responses in the transpassive region included three different regions:the first one associated with anodic dissolution of the passive layer, the second one contributed to the dissolution at the area near grain boundaries, and the last one attributed to pitting corrosion. In addition, the fitting results to experimental data showed that as the DC bias during the EIS test increases the charge transfer resistance (R_ct) decreases. Moreover, the R_ct values decreased as the sensitization temperature increases but the AISI 316L SS samples exhibited a higher resistance to intergranular corrosion than 316 SS samples.     

Effects of environmental factors on corrosion behaviors of metal-fiber porous components in a simulated direct methanol fuel cell environment

To enable the use of metallic components in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), issues related to corrosion resistance must be considered because of an acid environment induced by the solid electrolyte. In this study, we report the electrochemical behaviors of metal-fiber-based porous sintered components in a simulated corrosive environment of DMFCs. Three materials were evaluated: pure copper, AISI304, and AISI316L. The environmental factors and related mechanisms affecting the corrosion behaviors were analyzed. The results demonstrated that AISI316L exhibits the best performance. A higher SO₄2- concentration increases the risk of material corrosion, whereas an increase in methanol concentration inhibits corrosion. The morphological features of the corroded samples were also characterized in this study.     

有关“二次钝化”现象的探讨

本文对采用恒电位法测定奥氏体不锈钢316L在NaCl溶液中的阳极极化曲线时产生“二次钝化”的现象进行了研究。在对实验进行分析的基础上,提出把Prazak的“二次钝化”理论的适用范围扩大到点蚀过程;并引用Prazak的理论对NaCl溶液中316L不锈钢的“二次钝化”现象进行了分析讨论。结论认为:“二次钝化”现象只有在特定的材料,介质和环境条件下才能产生。尽管在“二次钝化”发生时,在H_2SO_4溶液中发生的是不锈钢表面膜的过钝化溶解过程,而在NaCl溶液中发生的是点蚀过程,但产生“二次钝化”的机理是相同的。     

Corrosion resistance of steel materials in LiCl-KCl melts

The corrosion behaviors of 304SS, 316LSS, and Q235A in LiCl-KCl melts were investigated at 450℃ by Tafel curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). 316LSS shows the best corrosion resistance behaviors among the three materials, including the most positive corrosion potential and the smallest corrosion current from the Tafel curves and the largest electron transfer resistance from the Nyquist plots. The results are in good agreement with the weight losses in the static corrosion experiments for 45 h. This may be attributed to the better corrosion resistance of Mo and Ni existing as alloy elements in 316LSS, which exhibit the lower corrosion current densities and more positive corrosion potentials than 316LSS in the same melts.     

AISI316L奥氏体不锈钢在摸拟人体组织液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生的初步研究

AISI316L奥氏体不锈钢是较常用的金属植入材料之一.但在临床应用中,由它制成的植入物特别是全髋关节,常因腐蚀疲劳破断而失效.本文对316L不锈钢在Hank’s溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生机理进行了初步研究.结果发现,在Hank’s溶液中,自然钝化的316L不锈钢在稳定钝化态下,裂纹的萌生是由交变应力引起的微观塑性变形和Hank’s溶液交互作用的结果;在有点蚀产生的非钝化态下,裂纹的萌生是点蚀和腐蚀疲劳相叠加的结果.316L不锈钢经离子氮化表面处理后,提高了在Hank’s溶液中的抗点蚀能力,但在外加腐蚀电位的苛刻条件下,困氮化层发生晶间腐蚀和脱落而加速了裂纹的萌生     

316L不锈钢应力腐蚀研究进展

316L不锈钢具备良好的力学性能、焊接性能、耐蚀性能，被广泛应用于化工管道、船舶及核电等领域。因其应用环境复杂，316L不锈钢在特定介质环境和拉应力的协同作用下，易发生应力腐蚀开裂，导致严重事故。概述了316L不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹萌生及扩展的规律，总结了其应力腐蚀的阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种微观主导机制的特点。在此基础上，针对介质环境、材料、表面应力状态3个影响因素，综述了近年来通过调节介质环境的pH、溶液浓度、引入压应力、优化微观结构及涂层工艺等方面，改善316L不锈钢应力腐蚀性能的研究进展。最后，基于316L不锈钢面临的应力腐蚀问题，从应力腐蚀机制和防护措施两方面展望了316L不锈钢应力腐蚀的研究热点和方向。     

Graphite-polypyrrole coated 316L stainless steel as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

316L stainless steel (SS 316L) is quite attractive as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). In this study, graphite-polypyrrole was coated on SS 316L by the method of cyclic voltammetry. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the graphite-polypyrrole composite coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A simulated working environment of PEMFC was applied for testing the corrosion properties of graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L. The current densities in the simulated PEMFC anode and cathode conditions are around 3×10-9 and 9×10-5 A·cm-2, respectively. In addition, the interfacial contact resistance (ICR) was also investigated. The ICR value of graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L is much lower than that of bare SS 316L. Therefore, graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L indicates a great potential for the application in PEMFC.     

Anisotropy in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting

The corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of 316 L stainless steel(SS) fabricated via selective laser melting(SLM) were clarified by potentiodynamic polarization measurements, immersion tests, and tensile experiments. The microstructural anisotropy of SLMed 316 L SS was also investigated by electron back-scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The grain sizes of the SLMed 316 L SS in the XOZ plane were smaller than those of the SLMed 316 L SS in the XOY plane, and a greater number of low-angle boundaries were present in the XOY plane, resulting in lower elongation for the XOY plane than for the XOZ plane. The SLMed 316 L was expected to exhibit higher strength but lower ductility than the wrought 316 L, which was attributed to the high density of dislocations. The pitting potentials of the SLMed 316 L samples were universally higher than those of the wrought sample in chloride solutions because of the annihilation of MnS or(Ca,Al)-oxides during the rapid solidification. However, the molten pool boundaries preferentially dissolved in aggressive solutions and the damage of the SLMed 316 L in FeCl3 solution was more serious after long-term service, indicating poor durability.     

工业纯钛和00Cr25Ni22Mo2不锈钢在酸性介质中的电化学行为

以1mol/LH₂ SO₄为主要介质,改变温度、氯离子和氟离子的浓度为条件,采用腐蚀测试装置测试了工业纯钛和 00Cr2 5Ni2 2Mo2不锈钢阳极极化曲线和交流阻抗图谱 (EIS) ,对两种材料在不同条件下的酸性介质中钝化性能进行了比较、评价。实验结果表明,随温度升高、氯离子和氟离子浓度的增加 ,两种材料的自腐蚀电位下降,并由自钝化转为活化 钝化 ,致钝、维钝电流密度增大,钝化变难。00Cr2 5Ni2 2Mo2不锈钢易过钝化,工业纯钛钝化区却很宽。交流阻抗图谱 (EIS)表明 ,两种材料的EIS均呈现为单一容抗半圆弧,随温度升高、氯离子和氟离子浓度的增加 ,两种材料的阻抗图半圆半径减小,腐蚀加重。     

外加电位对X80管线钢模拟海岸土壤腐蚀的影响

为探究双相X80管线钢在沿海土壤模拟溶液环境中的腐蚀机理，采用极化曲线、慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)和交流阻抗(EIS)法对不同外加电位(-750,-900和-1 050 mV vs.饱和甘汞电极(SCE))下双相X80管线钢的应力腐蚀和电化学腐蚀行为进行研究。结果表明，双相X80管线钢在-1 050 mV电位下对应力腐蚀(SCC)最为敏感。慢应变拉伸呈现为脆性断裂，断口可见铁素体区域圆形或椭圆形的凹坑，这是由于过度阴极反应产生的氢原子扩散进入到钢中在铁素体晶界聚集，氢气析出产生的较高氢压超过材料的强度产生圆形孔洞，在拉伸应力作用下变为椭圆形。在此电位下EIS模拟电阻最小，耐腐蚀性最差。-750 mV的外加电位可起到一定的电化学保护作用，但不足以防止X80管线钢应力腐蚀的发生。-900 mV的外加电位可有效抑制X80管线钢的阳极溶解，SSRT的强度和延展性均高于0 mV电位试样，表现出韧性断裂特征，EIS模拟电阻最高，因此双相X80管线钢在模拟海岸土壤环境下最佳的阴极保护电位约为-900 mV vs. SCE。双相X80管线钢在沿海土壤模拟环境中的应力腐蚀行为的研究可对其在实际使用过...     

钝化预处理对316L不锈钢在漂液中电化学腐蚀性能的影响

采用电化学测试、SEM分析等方法,研究了316 L不锈钢在质量分数为30%的浓硝酸溶液及98%硫酸+20 g/L硝酸钾混合液两种钝化剂预处理后的特性,以及在ClO2漂液中的电化学抗腐蚀性能。结果表明,316 L不锈钢在25℃、30%硝酸介质中处理30 min时抗点蚀能力ΔE可达到773 mV,钝化效果较好。EIS图谱表明:316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中具有双容抗弧特征,钝化处理容抗弧半径较未钝化的增大,处理后的316 L不锈钢在60℃出现了Warburg阻抗;钝化膜的外层电阻和内层电阻均比未钝化的大。经钝化处理后的316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中的受腐蚀速率较未钝化的降低近一半,与钛材相比耐蚀性较差,但能在一定条件下起到减缓腐蚀的作用。     

Properties of passive film formed on 316L/2205 stainless steel by Mott-Schottky theory and constant current polarization method

Semiconductor properties of the passive films formed on 316L and 2205 stainless steel were studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) in the high-temperature acetic acid.The results showed that the corrosion resistance of 2205 was higher than that of 316L,and the passive films formed on 316L and 2205 stainless steel showed p-type and n-type semiconductor behavior,respectively.Destruction and self-repairing of passive films were studied by using the constant current polarization method.The result...     

Martensite transformation induced by deformation and its phase electrochemical behavior for stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L

The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior of phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. The results show that the content of α'-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain. As α'-martensite content increased, free corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum. It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenite. There existed apparent difference between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Effect of hydrogen on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of X80 pipeline steel in Ku'erle soil simulated solution

Hydrogen was a key factor resulting in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in Ku'erle soil simulated solution. In this article, the effect of hydrogen on the SCC susceptibility of X80 steel was investigated further by slow strain rate tensile test, the surface fractures were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the fracture mechanism of SCC was discussed. The results indicate that hydrogen increases the SCC susceptibility. The SEM micrographs of hydrogen precharged samples presents a brittle quasi-cleavage feature, and pits facilitate the transgranular crack initiation. In the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement, the decreased polarization resistance and the pitting resistance of samples with hydrogen indicate that hydrogen increases the dissolution rate and deteriorates the pitting corrosion resistance. The potentiodynamic polarization curves present that hydrogen also accelerates the dissolution rate of the crack tip.     

Conductive and corrosion behaviors of silver-doped carbon-coated stainless steel as PEMFC bipolar plates

Ni–Cr enrichment on stainless steel SS316L resulting from chemical activation enabled the deposition of carbon by spraying a stable suspension of carbon nanoparticles; trace Ag was deposited in situ to prepare a thin continuous Ag-doped carbon film on a porous carbon-coated SS316L substrate. The corrosion resistance of this film in 0.5 mol·L-1 H₂SO₄ solution containing 5 ppm F- at 80℃ was investigated using polarization tests. The results showed that the surface treatment of the SS316L strongly affected the adhesion of the carbon coating to the stainless steel. Compared to the bare SS316L, the Ag-doped carbon-coated SS316L bipolar plate was remarkably more stable in both the anode and cathode environments of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the interface contact resistance between the specimen and Toray 060 carbon paper was reduced from 333.0 mΩ·cm2 to 21.6 mΩ·cm2 at a compaction pressure of 1.2 MPa.     

304不锈钢在模拟压水堆一回路水中高温电化学腐蚀行为

通过模拟压水堆一回路水环境,研究了氯离子浓度和溶解氧对304不锈钢高温电化学腐蚀行为的影响.动电位极化曲线结果表明,氯离子浓度主要影响高电位下的二次钝化效应,低电位下影响效果不明显,结合X射线光电子能谱对氧化膜元素成分的分析发现二次钝化效应与氧化膜中Fe/Cr元素含量比密切相关.电化学阻抗谱和扫描电镜结果表明,随着氯离子浓度增加,氧化膜阻抗逐渐降低,表面外层氧化物颗粒和间隙逐渐增大,耐腐蚀性能降低.随着溶解氧含量的升高,304自腐蚀电位逐渐升高,钝化电流密度降低,钝化区间缩小,表面氧化膜阻抗逐渐增加.     

TiAI合金阴极腐蚀过程中氢的作用

金属间化合物ＴｉＡ１在各种溶液和熔盐中阴极充氢时，当阴极电流大于临界值后就将发生严重的腐蚀现象这种阴极腐蚀速率随阴极电流增大而线性增加。在恒电住下阴极腐蚀速率远比１０极溶解速率要高在酸性溶液中阴极腐蚀速率最高，碱性溶液中次之，盐溶液中最小；酸中阴极腐蚀机理和碱及盐中的不同，腐蚀产物也不同加入氢复合毒化剂能促进阴极腐蚀。熔盐中阴极腐蚀速率随充氢时间增长而增大     

液固流动相中不锈钢耐颗粒冲刷腐蚀性能研究

采用自制的旋转冲刷腐蚀失重装置，研究了湿法磷酸中固体颗粒的性质，如固含量，粒径等环境参数对不锈钢316L和904L冲刷腐蚀速率的影响，并在扫描电镜下观察了不锈钢腐蚀的形貌，试验结果表明，CaSO4结晶颗粒固含量质量分数由10％增加到50％时，冲刷腐蚀速率有所增大，316L不锈钢主要以腐蚀为主，且表现为晶间腐蚀，当浆体中含有SiO2固体颗粒时，液相腐蚀性得到降低，虽然不锈钢904L耐液相腐蚀性能优良，但耐冲刷（磨损）性能较差，尤其当SiO2粒径增大时，冲刷腐蚀速率明显增大。     

硫化氢质量浓度和温度对碳钢在NACE溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱等电化学实验方法以及扫描电镜和能谱等表面分析技术对20#碳钢在不同H2S质量浓度(0,95.61,103.22,224.16 mg.L-1)、不同温度(25,35,45℃)下的NACE溶液(含CO2)中腐蚀行为进行了研究,同时对该环境下腐蚀产物的形成机制进行了探讨.发现在含有CO2的NACE溶液中,加入少量H2S,能加剧碳钢腐蚀,加速阳极铁的溶解和阴极氢气的析出.随着H2S质量浓度的增加,腐蚀电流密度增大,碳钢腐蚀加剧.温度升高,腐蚀极化电阻变小,腐蚀也会加剧.腐蚀试样外层絮状腐蚀产物主要是铁碳化物,接近基体表面的腐蚀产物主要是铁硫化物.     

304和316L不锈钢的高温电化学腐蚀行为

通过模拟压水堆一回路水环境,研究了溶液温度和溶氧量(DO)对304和316L不锈钢高温电化学腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明:随着溶液温度升高,在304和316L不锈钢表面所形成的氧化膜的保护性能降低;随着DO升高,304和316L不锈钢的自腐蚀电位升高,自腐蚀电流密度降低,钝化区缩小;304和316L不锈钢表面形成了双层氧化膜,外层氧化膜颗粒尺寸和颗粒间隙随着温度的升高而增大,随着DO增加而减小;在所用实验条件下,316L不锈钢表现出比304更优异的抗腐蚀性能.