The terrestrial NPP simulations in China since Last Glacial Maximum

Based on Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model （AVIM）, the magnitude and spatial distribution of terrestrial net primary productivity （NPP） in China is simulated during three different geological eras, Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）, Mid-Holocene （MH） and the present. The simulation shows that the glacial-interglacial variation of East Asian summer monsoon in China is the key factor affectfng the NPP change. During the three eras, mean NPPs are 208 g/m^2·a, 409 g/m^2·a, and 355 g/m^2·a. The total NPPs are 2.05 Pg/a, 3.89 Pg/a and 3.33 Pg/a, respectively. The terrestrial NPP in China during warm-humid climate is larger than that during cold-arid eras, and the correlation analysis between NPP and climate factors suggests that temperature is the primary factor affecting the terrestrial NPP during 21 kaBP （LGM）, and for 6 kaBP （MH） and the present the primary factor is precipitation.     

1982—1999年我国植被净第一性生产力及其时空变化

基于地理信息系统和卫星遥感技术,利用植被、气候和土壤等地面空间数据,应用CASA模型估算了1982—1999（除1994）年间我国植被年净第一性生产量及其时空变化。结果表明：18年间我国植被净第一性生产量呈增加趋势,平均增加速率为0.024PgC·a^-1,其均值为1.8PgC,其中高寒植被、常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林的增加速度最快;降水是限制我国植被净第一性生产力的主要因子。     

基于CASA模型的广西植被NPP季节变化研究

植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity，NPP）是判定陆地生态系统碳汇/源的关键要素，不仅直接代表了自然环境条件下植被群落的生产能力，还体现了陆地生态系统的质量水平。本文基于陆地生态系统碳汇模型（CASA模型），利用2019年中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据和其他气象数据，对月、季节、年尺度上的广西植被NPP的空间变化进行估算，分析其时空变化特征，并探讨不同植被类型、气象因子和地形地貌对其的影响。结果表明：2019年广西整体区域的植被NPP平均值为880.56 g C·m^-2·a^-1，植被NPP空间分布呈内陆中心向四周递增、东北部向西南部递增的特点。月植被NPP在时间序列上总体呈现正弦曲线的变化特征，1-8月的植被NPP呈上升趋势，在8月达到峰值，而且9月仍然维持较高值；之后至12月，植被NPP逐步下降。广西植被NPP的季节变化明显，冬季的植被NPP整体最低，区域差异性不突出；夏季的植被NPP整体最高，区域差异性突出。常绿阔叶和混交林分布面积广且其光能利用率较大，对广西植被NPP贡献较大。从月尺度上来看，月植被NPP与月累计降水量主要呈负相关关系，与月平均气温主要呈正相关关系；月平均气温与月植被NPP的偏相关性比月累计降水显著，月平均气温是广西月植被NPP的主要影响因子。在中海拔地区（700-1 300 m），植被NPP并不受喀斯特地质环境背景的影响，喀斯特地区和非喀斯特地区植被NPP相差不大且随着海拔高度的上升趋于稳定。在全球变化背景下，分析广西植被NPP的时空演变规律及其与环境要素之间的关系，可为广西生态环境监测与管理、生物多样性保护、生态服务评估等提供科学参考。     

NPP distribution related to the terrains along the North-South Transect of Eastern China

Vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is defined as the accumulative amount of organic matters per unit area and time, which is calculated from the difference between accumulative photosynthesis and accumulative autotrophic respiration by green plants. Since the NPP reflects the physiological and ecological characteristics of the plants and the interactive results of the environmental factors, it is an important index to evaluate a structure of ecological system, functional features and …     

陆地生态系统生产力模型研究进展

目的 通过净初级生产力(NPP)模型研究回顾,为全球陆地碳循环和全球变化等研究提供方法参考.方法 把生产力模型大致归为3类,分别阐述其研究进展.结果 气候相关模型通过对气候因子与植物干物质生产的相关性分析来估算植被的净初级生产力;生物地球化学循环模型以气候、土壤条件和植被类型为输入变量,主要模拟破、水和营养物质的循环;基于遥感资料的模型基于植被指数与冠层吸收的光合有效辐射部分之间的关系得到吸收光合有效辐射,进而建立大尺度的卫星观测与生物生产力的关系.结论 无论应用哪种生产力模型,都受到较多条件的限制,因此,目前应用模型计算净初级生产力仍存在一些不足之处.     

The spatial distribution of forest carbon sinks and sources in China

Forest ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle.The implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol has made the study of forest ecosystem carbon cycling a hot topic of scientific research globally.This paper utilized Chinese national forest inventory data sets(for the periods 1984-1988 and 1999-2003),the vegetation map of China(1:1000000),and the spatially explicit net primary productivity(NPP) data sets derived with the remote sensing-based light use efficiency model(CASA model).We quantitatively estimated the spatial distribution of carbon sinks and sources of forest vegetation(with a resolution of 1 km) using the spatial downscaling technique.During the period 1984 to 2003 the forest vegetation in China represented a carbon sink.The total storage of carbon increased by 0.77 PgC,with a mean of 51.0TgCa 1.The total carbon sink was 0.88PgC and carbon source was 0.11 PgC during the study period.The carbon sink and carbon source of forest vegetation in China showed a clear spatial distribution pattern.Carbon sinks were mainly located in subtropical and temperate regions,with the highest values in Hainan Province,Hengduan mountain ranges,Changbai mountain ranges in Jilin,and south and northwest of the Da Hinggan Mountains;carbon sources were mainly distributed from the northeast to southwestern areas in China,with the highest values mainly concentrated in southern Yunnan Province,central Sichuan Basin,and northern Da Hinggan Mountains.Increase in NPP was strongly correlated with carbon sink strength.The regression model showed that more than 80% of the variation in the modeled carbon sinks in Northeast,Northern,Northwest and Southern China were explained by the variation in NPP increase.There was a strong relationship between carbon sink strength and forest stand age.     

喀斯特断陷盆地土地利用对生态系统生产力的影响

为了客观地评估断陷盆地土地利用对生态环境的影响, 从生态系统服务变化反映更深层次的人地之间复杂关系, 本文基于断陷盆地多时间序列土地利用数据和陆地植被净生产力(NPP), 阐明断陷盆地NPP时空变化趋势, 揭示多年间土地利用变化的地类层次变化特征; 运用生命周期评估方法, 定量地分析土地占用和土地转化对石漠化地区陆地植被净生产力的影响, 探讨石漠化治理的生态效益。结果表明: 1) 2000—2015 年间, 断陷盆地大部分区域NPP变化不显著, 少部分区域变化显著, 以上升趋势为主; 2) 在6种地类中, 林地变化平稳, 建设用地增加趋势活跃且强烈, 草地减少趋势活跃且强烈; 3) 林地占用潜在植被生产力与现有NPP之间的差值由西向东逐渐增加, 与林地占用面积减少的空间分布一致, 林地分布影响林地植被净生产力水平; 4) 研究区北部植被自然生长情况较好, 东部地区六盘水市、普安县和陆良县石漠化区域林地植被存在一定程度的天然退化, 林地生态恢复工程效果不明显; 5) 研究区80%的土地转化类型使得NPP增益, 其中使NPP明显提升、有效而普遍的方式是草林转换和退耕还林; 林地转为建设用地则对NPP的损害最大。     

A new estimate of global soil respiration from 1970 to 2008

Soil respiration(Rs)is one of the key processes that underline our understanding of carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems.Great uncertainty remains in the previous global Rs estimates with a difference of 70 Pg C a 1between the highest and lowest estimates.Thus,the present study aimed to estimate the global annual Rs and investigate the interannual and spatial variability in global annual Rs using a semi-mechanistic,empirically-based model which included climatic factors(temperature and precipitation)and topsoil(0–20 cm)organic carbon storage.About 657 published studies of annual Rs from 147 measurement sites were included in this meta-analysis.The global data sets from 1970 to 2008 on climate,surface air temperature,and soil properties were collected.The Monte Carlo method was used to propagate the simulation errors to global Rs.The results indicated that the mean annual global Rs was 94.4 Pg C a 1,increasing at roughly 0.04 Pg C a 1(~0.04%a 1)from 1970 to 2008.The Rs rate increased from colder,drier and less soil carbon-rich regions to warmer,moister and more carbon-rich regions.Highest Rs rates appeared in the tropical forest,while the lowest ones were in polar and desert regions.The annual Rs correlated directly with global temperature anomalies,suggesting that the interannual variability in temperature was responsible for the interannual variations in predicted global Rs.The global Rs increased from high-latitude zones to low-latitude zones.Further studies are recommended to explore the relationship between soil respiration and vegetation characters.     

Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under global climate change

Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） analysis and the related Principal Components （PC） analysis are used to extract valuable vegetation cover derived information from the National Oceanic and Atmos-pheric Administration （NOAA-AVHRR）＇s Leaf Area Index （LAI） satellite images. Results suggest that from 1982 to 2000 global climate change has contributed to an increase in vegetation cover in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The correlation between rainfall and LAI EOF PC1 and PC2 indicates that rainfall is the major climatic factor influencing interannual variations of average vegetation cover throughout the entire Plateau. However, annual mean vegetation cover trends in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are mainly out of phase with air temperature increasing, which is primarily responsible for nonsynchro-nous changes of vegetation cover. In the southern ridge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, recent warming trends contribute to humid weather and favorable conditions for vegetation growth. By contrast, higher temperatures have led to arid conditions and insufficient rainfall in the northern part of the Plateau, leading to drought and other climatic conditions which are not conducive to increased vegetation cover.     

杉木人工林凋落物量动态对氮沉降增加的响应

 通过野外模拟试验,研究了杉木人工林凋落物量对氮沉降增加的响应。试验设计为4种处理（N0, N1, N2, N3）,增加氮量分别为0、60 、120 和240 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。通过3 a监测发现,2005年各处理的年凋落量分别是2 427.50、2 238.10、2 286.66和2 599.50 kg·hm^-2,2006年凋落量分别是1 008.83、1 164.10、1 147.30和976.47 kg·hm^-2,2007年凋落量分别是1 557.85、1 445.60、1 595.85和1 555.85 kg·hm^-2。从3 a的试验时间来看,凋落物总量表现为先下降后上升,高氮处理（N3）前期提高凋落物量的作用比较明显,但随后逐渐表现为抑制作用;中氮处理（N2）逐渐表现为增加凋落物量的作用,低氮处理（N1）作用不明显。不同水平的氮沉降处理对凋落物各组分存在不同影响, N2处理对增加叶凋落物量有一定的促进作用,但N1和N3处理表现为抑制作用;氮沉降处理均表现出降低枝和皮凋落量的作用,但对落果和碎屑物有显著的增加作用。     

A comparative study of n -alkane biomarker and pollen records: an example from southern China

We report the results of a comparative study of n-alkane biomarkers and pollens in lacustrine and peat deposits at Dingnan, Jiangxi Province in southern China, and discuss the likely causes for the discrepancy in the interpretations of the n-alkane biomarker and pollen records in terms of climate and vegetation change. The results show that past changes in climate and vegetation revealed by the n-alkane record are not always consistent with the pollen assemblage record in the whole section. Biomarkers do not permit direct identification of the plant family and/or genus and mainly record compositions of local plant remains, while pollens mainly reflect the regional vegetation change. Biomarkers and pollen records complement each other, providing a better picture of local and regional environments. Furthermore, biomarkers are more sensitive than pollen to climatic and vegetational change. Several climatic events are clearly identified by the n-alkane biomarker proxies, such as C₃₁/(C₂₇+C₂₉+C ₃₁) ratio and can be correlated to the North Atlantic Heinrich event, B/A, YD and two dry-cool events during the early Holocene such as the periods of 9850 to 9585 cal a B.P. and 8590 to 7920 cal a B.P. These events are consistent with those found in the surrounding regions, suggesting that the regional climate was coupled with global-scale abrupt climatic events. Our results suggest that biomarker and pollen data can record the more detailed climate and vegetation information, thus improving the resolution and precision of vegetation and climate reconstruction. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40602004) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB720200)     

中国植被物候研究进展及展望

本文围绕气候变化背景下的中国植被物候研究,梳理了植被物候对气候变化的响应机制,分析了中国植被物候变化对陆地生态系统碳、水和能量循环的影响,植被物候变化对局地气候的反馈机制以及通过大气环流对气候系统的影响．主要结论:1)中国植被生长季开始日期提前1~6 d?(10 a)–1,结束日期推迟2~5 d?(10 a)–1,生长季显著延长;2)中国中高纬度地区植被对温度的响应明显高于亚热带和热带地区,温度在控制植被物候的过程中起到多重作用,降水主要影响干旱和半干旱地区的植被物候;3)植被生长季延长增加陆地生态系统生产力,增加中国碳汇;4)植被物候变化改变植被的蒸散发量,从而改变我国的流域尺度河流径流;5)在中国大部分地区,植被物候变化对气候系统产生负反馈作用,甚至影响大气环流过程．中国植被物候的研究越来越多,但仍存在亟待解决的科学问题,比如未来中国植被物候研究需要更加关注遥感数据反演精度,明确物候响应气候变化机制的尺度效应,结合机器学习等智能算法改进物候模型提高物候模拟精度,并重视农作物物候,加强物候与森林管理结合研究以提高我国生态系统碳汇能力,积极面对碳中和带来的机遇与挑战．      

长江流域森林NPP模拟及其对气候变化的响应

【目的】利用LPJ模型(Lund-Potsdam-Jena model)估算长江流域森林净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP),研究长江流域森林NPP时空动态变化及其与气候因素的关系,为长江流域及其他地区的植被监测与生态建设提供依据。【方法】基于LPJ模型模拟的NPP数据及气象资料,对长江流域1982—2013年森林NPP的空间分布和时空动态变化趋势进行分析,采用线性回归分析法分别以时间为自变量和NPP为因变量进行趋势检验,利用相关性分析法分析长江流域森林NPP与气象因子之间的关系。【结果】①长江流域1982—2013年森林年均NPP值为530.41 g/(m²·a),最高值出现在2002年,森林NPP值为578.55 g/(m²·a);最低值出现在1989年,森林NPP值为491.24 g/(m²·a)。②长江流域森林NPP的空间分布由东南沿海向西北逐渐减小,长江中下游森林NPP高于长江上游,森林NPP空间分布格局与水热条件分布格局相一致,长江流域东南部水热条件良好,能够满足植被生长和发展的需要,植被生产力比较高;西北部由于水热条件比较差,不利于植被生长,生产力低下。③长江流域大部分地区森林NPP与气温和降水为正相关关系,森林NPP与气温呈显著正相关,气温与森林NPP之间的相关性强于降水与森林NPP之间的相关性。【结论】长江流域森林NPP呈自东南向西北减少的趋势,且随时间呈波动上升趋势;气候对森林NPP具有显著影响,气温是影响森林NPP的主导因素。     

中国不同植被类型净初级生产力变化特征

收集、统计了1993—2011年所发表的98篇涉及我国不同植被NPP数据(模型模拟估算值和实测值)的代表性论文.分析了我国不同植被类型NPP研究结果及其变化和空间分布特征.结果表明:1)模型模拟和实测NPP值都较高的植被类型有热带雨林、季雨林,常绿阔叶林,常绿针叶林、混交林和落叶阔叶林;2)模型模拟的植被NPP值空间分布规律基本表现为从东南沿海地区依次向西北内陆递减;3)在模型模拟与实测NPP值所共有的9种植被类型中,除耕地、灌丛和草地的模型模拟NPP值略大于实测值,其余6种植被类型均小于实测值;4)不同模型对同一种植被类型的模拟结果之间表现出了极大的差异;5)模型模拟平均值与实测值之间的差异相对较小,采用已提出的模型模拟平均值来估算我国不同植被的NPP是基本可行的.     

基于GWR模型的中国NDVI与气候因子的相关分析

在ArcGIS支撑下, 基于1982-2010年8 km分辨率的AVHRR NDVI及气温和降水数据, 应用最小二乘法和地理加权回归方法, 构建中国NDVI与气候因子的地理加权回归模型, 定量分析中国NDVI与气温和降水的相互关系, 获取各个回归参数的空间格局, 并将模拟结果与全局性回归结果进行对比。结果表明, 与线性回归模型相比, 地理加权回归模型的拟合效果显著提高, 拟合优度从0.3提高到0.6。气候因子对NDVI的影响具有空间异质性: 从北到南, 气候因子对NDVI的影响逐渐减小; 西北内陆等干旱荒漠地带, 气候因子对NDVI的影响较大。对中国大部分地区而言, 气温对NDVI的影响超过降水。各区NDVI与主导气候因子发生作用的特征尺度不同。     

有限集合上封闭集族的计数

设集合X={a1,a2,a3,…,an},f(n,m)表示X的含m个元素的不同封闭集族的数目。证明了f(n,m)={3n-2n,m=2;4n-2.3n+2n,m=3;5n-25.4n+2.3n-2n-1,m=4;6n-3.5n+3.4n-3n,m=5其中n=1,2,3,…。     

Estimation of wind erosion rates by using 137Cs tracing technique: A case study in Tariat-Xilin Gol transect, Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established the Tariat-Xilin Gol transect from northwest to southeast across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected seven sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. Our results showed that the 137Cs inventories of sampling sites ranged from 265.63=44.91 to 1279.54=166.53 Bq. m-2, and the wind erosion rates varied from 64.58 to 419.63 t. km-2. a-~ accordingly. In the Mongolia section of the transect （from Tariat to Sainshand）, the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc., and the impact of human activities was negligible. While in the China section of the transect （Inner Mongolia）, the wind erosion rates of Xilin Hot and Zhengxiangbai Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these three sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these two regions of Inner Mongolia.     

Impacts of climate change on ecosystem in Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation in China

Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation （PABCs） are the key areas for future biodiversity conservation in China. In this study, we used 5 dynamic global vegetation models （DGVMs） to simulate the ecosystem function changes under future climate change scenario in the 32 terrestrial PABCs. We selected vegetation coverage, vegetation productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance as the indicators to describe the ecosystem function changes. The results indicate that woody vegetation coverage will greatly increase in the Loess Plateau Region, the North China Plain, and the Lower Hilly Region of South China. The future climate change will have great impact on the original vegetation in alpine meadow and arid and semiarid regions. The vegetation productivity of most PABCs will enhance in the coming 100 years. The largest increment will take place in the southwestern regions with high elevation. The PABCs in the Desert Region of Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau are with fastest productivity climbing, and these areas are also with more carbon sink accumulation in the future. DGVM will be a new efficient tool for evaluating ecosystem function changes in future in large scale. This study is expected to provide technical support for the future ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation under climate change.     

Vegetation effects on mean daily maximum and minimum surface air temperatures over China

Changes in the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) surface air temperatures and the associated temperature extremes have severe consequences on human society and the natural environment. In this study, we assess vegetation effects on mean Tmax and Tmin over China by computing a vegetation feedback parameter using the satellite-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and observed temperatures for the period 1982–2002. In all seasons, vegetation exerts a much stronger forcing on Tmax than on Tmin, and thus has a substantial effect on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) over China. Significant positive feedbacks on Tmax and the DTR occupy many areas of China with the feedback parameters exceeding 1°C (0.1 NDVI)–1, while significant negative effects only appear over the summertime climatic and ecological transition zone of northern China and some other isolated areas. Also, the vegetation feedbacks are found to vary with season. In areas where significant feedbacks occur, vegetation contributes to typically 10%–30% of the total variances in Tmax, Tmin, and the DTR. These findings suggest that vegetation memory offers the potential for improving monthly-to-seasonal forecasting of Tmax and Tmin, and the associated temperature extremes over China. Meanwhile, the limitations and uncertainties of the study should be recognized.     

我国北方地区植被类型变化气候效应的虚拟数值试验

利用区域气候模式 (RegCM 2 )对东北西部、华北北部和西北东部、华北西部两个生态环境脆弱地区植被类型分别由草地变为农田和森林后对区域气候的影响程度进行虚拟数值试验 ,结果表明 ,我国北方地区植被类型由草地变为耕地或森林将使得这些地区夏季降水减少 ,温度升高 ,5 0 0hPa位势高度升高 ,副热带高压控制地区的位势高度降低 ,从而使副高减弱 ,不利于我国北方的降水增加 .从虚拟数值试验的对比中可发现 ,华北北部、东北西部地区植被类型改变比西北东部、华北西部地区植被类型改变所引起的降水减少、温度升高和副高减弱效果显著 .此外 ,对于同一个地区的植被类型改变而言 ,由草地变为森林比由草地变为耕地所引起的降水减少、温度升高和 5 0 0hPa位势高度变化效应大 .因此 ,根据数值试验结果可知 ,退耕还草可能是我国北方干旱半干旱地区改善环境的有效方式 ,华北北部和东北西部为开展有序人类活动的最佳地区