2010年智利强震引发的海啸对台湾周边海域的影响

2010年2月27日南美洲智利中部近岸发生强震并引发海啸.利用海啸期间台湾周边海域验潮站的潮位资料,分析了此次海啸对台湾周边海域的影响,海啸波通过太平洋于震后25.5h到达台湾周边海域,最大波高达44 cm.进而从理论上讨论了海啸传播时间和波高变化的简单计算方法,并引入了波高衰减因子.结果表明,该简单计算方法能快速且较准确地计算出海啸波的传播时间,引入的波高衰减因子,可在一定程度上为台湾周边海域海啸的方便快捷的预警提供参考.     

Records of the tsunami induced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake from Xiaoqushan seafloor observatory in the East China Sea

Sea-level variation can be induced by periodic tides, stochastic wind, air pressure, and swell. Larger sea-level variation has the potential to cause coastal disasters. In this paper, real-time continuous data obtained by the Xiaoqushan seafloor observatory in the East China Sea were analyzed employing frequency power spectral and tidal harmonic methods to extract the major components and periodicities of sea-level change. The sea-level anomaly (sla) was calculated by subtracting the tidal components from the observed sea level data. In the study period, the correlation between sla and the local north-south wind speed was high with a correlation coefficient of 0.65 at the 95% confidence level. The local wind-induced sea-level anomaly (sla wind ) was therefore computed through linear fitting. Although sla wind is one of the main components of sla, the residual sea-level anomaly (sla residual ) obtained by subtracting sla wind from sla is not zero, suggesting that there are other factors besides wind. Detailed analysis of the sea-level data at the time of the 8.8-magnitude Chilean earthquake on February 27, 2010 showed a peak sla residual value of 0.48 m at around 15:00 on February 28, which was highly coincident with the tsunami arrival time forecast by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. The peak sla residual event is therefore linked with the tsunami induced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake. This is the first time that a tsunami has been detected using real-time continuous data recorded by a seafloor observatory in the sea off China. Such observations are expected to improve tsunami forecast models and promote the development of a tsunami warning system and a seafloor observatory network in the East China Sea.     

南海潜在海啸源危险性的定量分析

利用COMCOT模型, 分析马尼拉海沟一个潜在海啸源的危险性。通过改变震级和震源深度两个海啸初始场信息, 揭示海啸登陆中国沿海地区时的首波波幅与二者的定量关系。结果表明: 震源深度对首波波幅的影响幅度可以达到50%, 地震震级不同, 震源深度对首波波幅的影响趋势也不同; 海啸登陆时的首波波幅基本上随着震级的增加而加大, 但由于海啸波会与近岸的反射波互相叠加, 可能导致在海啸传播至近岸过程中首波登陆波幅异常减小; 震级达到Mw 8.6时, 海啸等级为1级, 部分沿海地区会遭受海啸威胁。     

Development of typhoon driven wave nowcasting model in Southeast China Sea

Using optimal interpolation data assimilation of observed wave spectrum around Northeast coast of Taiwan Island, the typhoon driven wave nowcasting model in Southeast China Sea is setup. The SWAN (simulating waves nearshore) model is used to calculate wave field and the input wind field is the QSCAT/NCEP (Quick Scatterometer/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) data. The two-dimensional wavelet transform is applied to analyze the X-band radar image of nearshore wave field and it reveals that the observed wave spectrum has shoaling characteristics in frequency domain. The reverse calculation approach of wave spectrum in deep water is proposed and validated with experimental tests. The two-dimensional digital low-pass filter is used to obtain the initialization wave field. Wave data during Typhoon Sinlaku is used to calibrate the data assimilation parameters and test the reverse calculation approach. Data assimilation corrects the significant wave height and the low frequency spectra energy evidently at Beishuang Station along Fujian Province coast, where the entire assimilation indexes are positive in verification moments. The nowcasting wave field shows that the present model can obtain more accurate wave predictions for coastal and ocean engineering in Southeast China Sea.     

Rupture of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake inferred from direct P-wave imaging

The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on December 26, 2004 is the first well recorded gigantic earthquake (moment magnitude MW 9.3) by modern broadband seismic and Global Positioning System networks. The rich seismic and geodetic recordings have documented unprecedented details about the earthquake rupture, coseismic and postseismic deformations. This is a report of detailed images of the rupture process using the first-arriving compressional waves recorded by the China National Digital Seismic Network (CNDSN). An improved imaging condition was employed to account for the sparse distribution of the CNDSN stations. The resulting images are consistent with the major rupture features reported by previous seismic and geodetic studies. It is found that the earthquake rupture initiated at offshore of northwestern Sumatra and propagated in the north northwest direction at a speed of 2.7 ± 0.2 km/s. The rupture continued for at least 420 s and extended about 1200-1300 km along the Andaman trough with two bursts of seismic energy.     

First record of Lower Triassic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Undichna</Emphasis> spp. fish swimming traces from Emei,Sichuan Province,China

We discuss traces from the ichnospecies Undichna unisulca recorded from the Triassic that are reported for the first time in this paper. These fossils are also some of the oldest vertebrate ichnites discovered in China to date. The fish swimming traces (Undichna unisulca) described originate from the Lower Triassic. These traces were found in the Jialingjiang Formation and are located at a gorge ~7.5 km from Emei, Sichuan Province, China. The ichnospecies Undichna unisulca consists of a regular sinusoidal wave. The wavelengths and amplitudes are quite constant between each specimen ranging between 28-32 mm and 9-12 mm, respectively. The fish swimming traces and distribution within the same bed are preserved as hypichnial ridges at the undersurface.     

Seismology: speed and size of the Sumatra earthquake

Our seismological results reveal that Indonesia's devastating Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004 was 2.5 times larger than initial reports suggested--second only to the 1960 Chilean earthquake in recorded magnitude. They indicate that it slowly released its energy by slip along a 1,200-km fault, generating a long rupture that contributed to the subsequent tsunami. Now that the entire rupture zone has slipped, the strain accumulated from the subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Burma microplate has been released, and there is no immediate danger of a similar tsunami being generated on this part of the plate boundary, although large earthquakes on segments to the south still present a threat.     

The potential for giant tsunamigenic earthquakes in the northern Bay of Bengal

The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 came as a surprise to most of the earth science community. Although it is now widely recognized that the risk of another giant earthquake is high off central Sumatra, just east of the 2004 earthquake, there seems to be relatively little concern about the subduction zone to the north, in the northern Bay of Bengal along the coast of Myanmar. Here I show that similar indicators suggest a high potential for giant earthquakes along the coast of Myanmar. These indicators include the tectonic environment, which is similar to other subduction zones that experience giant megathrust earthquakes, stress and crustal strain observations, which indicate that the seismogenic zone is locked, and historical earthquake activity, which indicates that giant tsunamigenic earthquakes have occurred there in the past. These are all consistent with active subduction in the Myanmar subduction zone and I suggest that the seismogenic zone extends beneath the Bengal Fan. I conclude therefore that giant earthquakes probably occur off the coast of Myanmar, and that a large and vulnerable population is thereby exposed to a significant earthquake and tsunami hazard.     

Numerical simulation of March 11, 2011 Honshu, Japan tsunami

In order to predict tsunami hazards through numerical simulation,by using the focal mechanisms as well as fault parameters of Japan’s 2011 Tohoku Earthquake provided by National Geological Survey(referred to as USGS),we proposed a numerical model to simulate the Honshu,Japan tsunami.Numerical computing is conducted to investigate the security along the coast.We also analyzed the simulation results and distribution of tsunami disaster,trying to achieve a more reasonable tsunami warning program.Our numerical model is composed of simulation of surface deformation after the earthquake and the tsunami propagation process which is based on two dimensional shallow water equations.The simulation results show the characteristics of the tsunami propagation,and arrival times on recorder points are consistent with tsunami observation.This model can be applied to evaluate the security of the coastal area and obtain more accurate tsunami warning.     

Experiments on ring wave packet generated by water drop

The propagation of ring wave packet （composed of carrier waves modulated by an envelope） generated by a water drop was studied experimentally. It is a localized wave packet propagating with constant velocity and low diffusion. The wavelength, the amplitude and the waveform of the carrier waves, the velocity of the carrier waves and the packet have been measured. The measured wavelength λa of the carrier waves and the measured group velocity Cge of the packet are near the minimum point of the dispersion curve of group velocity, which may be the main reason why the packet can propagate with low diffusion.     

国产HJ小卫星遥感影像多特征融合用于日本海啸灾情快速监测

 针对特大地震和海啸灾害的特点与灾情监测的需求,设计和构建了一种基于多特征决策级融合的灾情快速变化检测方法,首先利用遥感影像中提取的NDVI、主成分变换分量、独立成分变换分量等特征分别提取变化信息,然后对多种变化信息进行决策级融合,获得具有更高可靠性的变化图,用于灾情分析。将所设计的方法用于国产环境与灾害监测预报小卫星HJ-1A/B数据处理分析,对日本东部沿海区域海啸灾害前后进行变化检测与灾情信息提取试验,有效地检测了海啸灾害后的海水倒灌区域、陆地积水区、植被淹没区以及建筑受损区等变化区域。研究表明,基于多源特征融合的非监督变化检测流程可以快速、有效地提取海啸受灾区域,为灾害应急响应与灾情评估提供支持。     

Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake

It is commonly thought that the longer the time since last earthquake, the larger the next earthquake's slip will be. But this logical predictor of earthquake size, unsuccessful for large earthquakes on a strike-slip fault, fails also with the giant 1960 Chile earthquake of magnitude 9.5 (ref. 3). Although the time since the preceding earthquake spanned 123 years (refs 4, 5), the estimated slip in 1960, which occurred on a fault between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates, equalled 250-350 years' worth of the plate motion. Thus the average interval between such giant earthquakes on this fault should span several centuries. Here we present evidence that such long intervals were indeed typical of the last two millennia. We use buried soils and sand layers as records of tectonic subsidence and tsunami inundation at an estuary midway along the 1960 rupture. In these records, the 1960 earthquake ended a recurrence interval that had begun almost four centuries before, with an earthquake documented by Spanish conquistadors in 1575. Two later earthquakes, in 1737 and 1837, produced little if any subsidence or tsunami at the estuary and they therefore probably left the fault partly loaded with accumulated plate motion that the 1960 earthquake then expended.     

火山成因的海啸触发机制分析

2022年汤加火山爆发，引发了全球范围内的海啸，使火山海啸这一非典型性海啸受到学界的广泛关注。整理了全球历史火山海啸事件相关数据，分析了火山地震、火山结构失稳、水下爆炸、火山碎屑流、气压波这5种触发海啸的机制，介绍了2022年汤加火山海啸事件触发机制。指出未来火山海啸的研究方向为：从地质构造角度分析潜在海啸灾害的时空分布规律；以气象海啸和水下爆炸为重点，发展完善火山海啸各机制及传播理论；从技术角度解决火山海啸的相关预警问题。     

Sea surface temperature and terrestrial biomarker records of the last 260 ka of core MD05-2904 from the northern South China Sea

This paper reports high-resolution biomarker records of the last 260 ka for core MD05-2904 from the northern South China Sea （SCS）. The sea surface temperature （SST） record using the U37^k＇, index reveals a minimum of 21.5℃（MIS 2） and a maximum of 28.3℃（MIS 5.5）, for a temperature difference of almost 7℃, and provides the longest high-resolution U37^k＇ SST record in northern SCS. The content of odd-number long chain n-alkanes and several n-alkanes indexes such as the CPI, ACL and the C31/C27 ratio, all reveal generally higher values during the glacials and lower values during the interglaclals. Terrestrial input as Indicated by n-alkane content was mostly controlled by sea-level changes： During the glacials, lower sea-level exposed the continental shelf to enable rivers to transport more terrestrial materials to the slope; and the situation reverses during the interglacials. The n-alkane indexes changes reveal more n-alkanes from contemporary vegetation during glacials as a result of the proximity of the core site to the source region, while the increases in ACL and C81/C27 ratio during glaclals indicate a change to more grassy vegetation. However, the highest values for CPI, ACL and the C81/C27 ratio all occurred during late MIS 3, and it was suggested that this period was characterized by a strong summer monsoon-dominated humid climate which resulted in a denser vegetation for the exposed continental shelf region.     

Numerical study and prediction of nuclear contaminant transport from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in the North Pacific Ocean

On March 11,2011,a large earthquake and subsequent tsunami near the east coast of Japan destroyed the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant(FD-NPP),causing a massive release of nuclear contaminants.In this paper,a Pacific basin-wide physical dispersion model is developed and used to investigate the transport of nuclear contaminants.The Pacific circulation model,based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS),is forced with air-sea flux climatology derived from COADS(the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set).It is shown that ocean current dominates nuclear contaminant transport.Following the Kuroshio Extension and North Pacific Current,nuclear contaminants at the surface will move eastward in the Pacific as far as 140°W,thereafter dividing into two branches.For the south branch,nuclear contaminants will be transported westward by the equatorial current,and can reach the Philippines after 10 years’ time.In contrast,the north branch will arrive at the American west coast and then migrate to the Bering Sea.At 200 m water depth,part of the nuclear materials will move southwestward along with deep ocean circulation,which could potentially reach the east coast of Taiwan.The other part will move to the west coast of America and separate into two branches.One will move northward along the west coast of Alaska,while the other will travel southward to the Hawaiian Islands.The transport of radiation contaminants below 500 m is slow,and will primarily remain in the central Pacific.The physical dispersion model results show that high concentrations of the radioactive isotope cesium-137(137 Cs) will move eastward and reach the central Pacific and west coast of North America in two and eight years,respectively.The sea areas influenced by the nuclear contaminants continue to expand,while peak concentrations decrease in the North Pacific.     

Solution of Cauchy’s problem for wave equations in higher space dimensions by means of D’Alembert’s formula

A simple method for solving Cauchy’s problem of wave equations in higher space dimensions with initial condition of separated variables, has been given by using D’Alembert’s formula and some examples have been shown. Foundation item: Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (992P0307) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (39970203) Biography: YAO Duan-zheng (1946-), female, Professor, Research direction: mathematical physics and nonlinear optics.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ab initio</Emphasis> study of the effects of Ag/Mn doping on the electronic structure of LiFePO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Based on density functional theory （DFT） of the first-principle for the cathode materials of lithium ion battery, the electronic structures of Li（Fe1-x）PO4 （Me = Ag/Mn, x = 0-0.40） are calculated by plane wave pseudo-potential method using Cambridge serial total energy package （CASTEP） program. The calculated results show that the Fermi level of mixed atoms Fe1-xAgx moves into its conduction bands （CBs） due to the Ag doping. The Li（Fe1-xAgx）PO4 system displays the periodic direct semiconductor characteristic with the increase of Ag-doped concentration. However, for Fe1-xMnx mixed atoms, the Fermi level is pined at the bottom of conduction bands （CBs）, which is ascribed to the interaction between Mn（3d） electrons and Fe（4s） electrons. The intensity of the partial density of states （PDOS） near the bottom of CBs becomes stronger with the increase of Mn-doped concentration. The Fermi energy of the Li（Fe1-xMnx）PO4 reaches maximum at x = 0.25, which is consistent with the experimental value of x = 0.20. The whole conduction property of Mn-doped LiFePO4 is superior to that of Ag-doped LiFePO4 cathode material, but the structural stability is reverse.     

Assessment of damage to buildings and farms during the 2011 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> 9.0 earthquake and tsunami in Japan from remote sensing data

At 13:46 on March 11,2011(Beijing time),a great earthquake of magnitude of 9.0 occurred off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan(Tohoku Region).After the earthquake,the Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth(CEODE),Chinese Academy of Sciences,quickly launched a major disaster emergency response to assess the disaster.In this paper,we have extracted buildings and farms in the heavily devastated area that includes Iwate,Miyagi,and Fukushima Prefectures,based on multi-spectral remote sensing data.We have assessed building damage by overlaying seismic intensity and building distributions.In addition,we have assessed the extent of building and farm damage caused by the tsunami through the establishment of a tsunami impact assessment model that is based on terrain and distance from the coastline.The results were partially verified by high-resolution images obtained after the disaster.The results show that about 76% of buildings in Miyagi Prefecture were affected by seismic intensity 6 and above,with 24% of the buildings and 12% of the farms destroyed by the tsunami.These huge losses were echoes at lesser amounts in Fukushima and Iwate.The results provide the support of basic data,which can be further developed by economic and social aspects of the disaster assessment.     

Modulation of low-frequency oscillations in GaAs MESFETs’ channel current by sidegating bias

Low-frequency oscillations in channel current are usually observed when measuring the GaAs MESFET‘s output characteristics. This paper studies the oscillations by testing the MESFET‘s output characteristics under different sidegate bias conditions. It is shown that the low-frequency oscillations of channel current are directly related to the sidegate bias. In other words, the sidegate bias can modulate the oscillations. Whether the sidegate bias varies positively or negatively, there will inevitably be a threshold voltage after which the low-frequency oscillations disappear. The observation is strongly dependent upon the peculiarities of channel-substrate (C-S) junction and impact ionization of traps-EL2 under high field. This conclusion is of particular pertinence to the design of low-noise GaAs IC‘s.     

Tracking the rupture of the Mw = 9.3 Sumatra earthquake over 1,150 km at teleseismic distance

On 26 December 2004, a moment magnitude Mw = 9.3 earthquake occurred along Northern Sumatra, the Nicobar and Andaman islands, resulting in a devastating tsunami in the Indian Ocean region. The rapid and accurate estimation of the rupture length and direction of such tsunami-generating earthquakes is crucial for constraining both tsunami wave-height models as well as the seismic moment of the events. Compressional seismic waves generated at the hypocentre of the Sumatra earthquake arrived after about 12 min at the broadband seismic stations of the German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN), located approximately 9,000 km from the event. Here we present a modification of a standard array-seismological approach and show that it is possible to track the propagating rupture front of the Sumatra earthquake over a total rupture length of 1,150 km. We estimate the average rupture speed to be 2.3-2.7 km s(-1) and the total duration of rupture to be at least 430 s, and probably between 480 and 500 s.