超导电流的动量守恒与超导电子对隧道效应

讨论了稳恒电流的动量守恒现象,由此分析了直流约瑟夫森隧道效应。指出,描述约瑟夫森隧道效应的2个基本方程遵循稳恒电流动量守恒定律;约瑟夫森隧道结上的超导电子对质心定向运动速度比隧道结2侧超导体内的超导电子对质心定向运动速度大3个数量级：vS2～1 03 vS1;约瑟夫森隧道结上超导电子对的质心定向运动速度和动量很大的原因在于其运动遵循稳恒电流动量守恒定律;约瑟夫森隧道结上超导电子对质心定向运动速度可以达到费米速度的数量级、其定向运动动能可以达到费米能的数量级,从而使隧道结由超导态转变成正常态。     

统计性超导电子对密度与温度无关

给出了统计性超导电子对密度和局域性超导电子对密度的定义;初步讨论了它们的物理意义。通过对nS（T）=λL2（0）/λL 2（T）=H C1（T）/H C1（0）的分析、GL超导波函数的计算及稳恒电流载流子总动量守恒定律的讨论,证明了零场下统计性超导电子对密度与温度无关。并初步给出了超导抗磁性、伦敦穿透深度不是超导体内禀性质的结论。     

稳恒电流磁场与库仑电场的关系研究

用电磁学方法证明了电流元产生元磁场的3个方程的等价性;由稳恒电流元的磁场表达式导出了元磁场与载流电荷元产生的库仑电场的关系。讨论了该表达式的物理意义,指出,该表达式明确指出稳恒磁场是由电荷的定向运动产生的;稳恒磁场是以光速传播的,为否定＂超距作用＂的观点提供了新的依据。认为v×dE/c2表示了库仑电场力的无功功率,由此可知,稳恒电流的磁场可以由载流电荷库仑力的无功功率表示。这样的结果有利于初学电磁学的人正确理解磁场的产生、来源和传播。讨论了运用新的表达式求解磁场的方法,指出,运用电荷密度与载流子定向运动速度的乘积等于电流密度和点电荷的库仑场表达式的方法求解磁场甚为方便,如此做法可以省去传统的求解磁场必须掌握的复杂计算方法。并由此推断超导载流子的平均定向运动速度远远大于正常导体内载流子的定向运动速度,否则,超导电流不可能产生几十个特斯拉的磁场。     

稳恒电场成因研究

通过比较稳恒载流导体内存在轴向稳恒电场和处于超导态的稳恒载流超导体内不存在轴向稳恒电场的现象,讨论了稳恒载流导体内轴向稳恒电场产生的原因,认为载流子在晶格势场中的加速和减速定向运动产生的变化电场起到了补偿和传递静电场的作用,大量载流子的这种补偿和传递静电场作用的统计平均值就形成了稳恒电场;由于载流子的加速和减速与电源提供的静电场是相关的,因此,稳恒电场与静电场性质是相同的.     

稳恒电流电能输运问题分析

分析了稳恒电流电能传输的空间局域性,认为稳恒电流也存在着趋肤效应,其机制是电流的磁场力作用产生了霍尔电场,霍尔电场对载流子做功使之在晶格势场中的能态升高,载流子远离了原子实,产生了霍尔电压.霍尔电场与电流磁场构成的玻印亭矢量表示了稳恒电流能量的传输方向,稳恒电流能量是在导体内部传输的.     

哈密顿正则方程与稳恒电流电路

用完整系哈密顿正则方程研究了稳恒电路中的能量转换问题,认为在多种保守力作用的体系中研究质点的能态问题,必须将研究对象分别与其有一种保守力作用的物体划分在一个系统内,以构成不同的系统;计算研究对象在一个系统中的能量,必须将其他系统对研究对象作用的保守力视为广义力,考察广义力对研究对象做功的结果,分析研究对象在该系统中的能态变化,即哈密顿正则方程仅适用于一种保守力场中研究对象能态的研究。分析了外电场对晶格势场的作用,认为电流的磁场力和霍尔电场力是稳恒电路中的广义力,霍尔电势是载流子在晶格势场中电势能的增量,因此,在通电时,载流子在晶格势场中的电势能增加,能态升高。同时分析了载流子对比热贡献的物理机制和超导二级相变的发生机理,认为载流子将吸收的热量转变成其在晶格势场中的本征能量而能态升高;在二级相变点附近,比热跃变说明价电子在晶格势场中的电势能发生了跃变,价电子在晶格势场中的受力发生了跃变。同时给出了本征能态的物理意义说明,本征能态是指价电子在晶格势场中的电势能与动能相对应的能态,不同的价电子在实空间中的不同位置只要处于同样的能态,则其在晶格势场中的电势能和动能有相同的数值。     

稳恒电磁场的应力张量及应用

本文从稳恒电磁场方程出发导出了稳恒电磁场的应力张量，给出了稳恒电磁场中物体表面上单位面积所受力的一般公式，并讨论了静电场中导体球的“球膨胀”效应．     

离子液体调控超导研究

载流子在超导材料中扮演关键角色,其浓度调控对研究超导特性及相关量子器件至关重要.然而载流子浓度通常与其他自由度相互耦合,难以做到单一物理量变化,例如,化学掺杂同时会导致晶格等发生变化.最近迅速发展的离子液体调控技术,兼具了传统的化学掺杂和场效应晶体管优点——大范围、原位、可逆地调节载流子浓度.随着这项技术的发展,逐渐演变出两类调控思路:静电场效应和电化学调控.本文从这两个方面,回顾了离子液体调控在诱导新奇超导态和调控高温超导薄膜物性上的应用:静电场效应对绝缘或半导体体系十分有效,而对于本身载流子浓度较高的材料(如高温超导体等),电化学调控则发挥了重要作用.离子液体因其强大的原位调控能力和易于与其他手段结合的特点,正逐渐成为超导研究中不可或缺的手段,在构建精确相图、突破高温超导机理等方面发挥不可替代的作用.     

镜像法在静磁场中的应用

镜像法也能用于求解稳恒电流的磁场,但要比静电场中的情况复杂得多。只要抓住静电场与稳恒磁场在属性和方法上的可比性和方法的实质,会使稳恒磁场中镜象法的应用大为简化。文中讨论了问题的关键,列举了几个重要应用实例：     

稳恒场中场和势的研究

运用类比方法,讨论了稳恒电场中场与势的关系和稳恒磁场中场与势的关系,得出了数学形式上的对应性.     

A multi-component Fermi surface in the vortex state of an underdoped high-Tc superconductor

To understand the origin of superconductivity, it is crucial to ascertain the nature and origin of the primary carriers available to participate in pairing. Recent quantum oscillation experiments on high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) copper oxide superconductors have revealed the existence of a Fermi surface akin to that in normal metals, comprising fermionic carriers that undergo orbital quantization. The unexpectedly small size of the observed carrier pocket, however, leaves open a variety of possibilities for the existence or form of any underlying magnetic order, and its relation to d-wave superconductivity. Here we report experiments on quantum oscillations in the magnetization (the de Haas-van Alphen effect) in superconducting YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.51) that reveal more than one carrier pocket. In particular, we find evidence for the existence of a much larger pocket of heavier mass carriers playing a thermodynamically dominant role in this hole-doped superconductor. Importantly, characteristics of the multiple pockets within this more complete Fermi surface impose constraints on the wavevector of any underlying order and the location of the carriers in momentum space. These constraints enable us to construct a possible density-wave model with spiral or related modulated magnetic order, consistent with experimental observations.     

Abrupt onset of a second energy gap at the superconducting transition of underdoped Bi2212

The superconducting gap--an energy scale tied to the superconducting phenomena--opens on the Fermi surface at the superconducting transition temperature (T(c)) in conventional BCS superconductors. In underdoped high-T(c) superconducting copper oxides, a pseudogap (whose relation to the superconducting gap remains a mystery) develops well above T(c) (refs 1, 2). Whether the pseudogap is a distinct phenomenon or the incoherent continuation of the superconducting gap above T(c) is one of the central questions in high-T(c) research. Although some experimental evidence suggests that the two gaps are distinct, this issue is still under intense debate. A crucial piece of evidence to firmly establish this two-gap picture is still missing: a direct and unambiguous observation of a single-particle gap tied to the superconducting transition as function of temperature. Here we report the discovery of such an energy gap in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta in the momentum space region overlooked in previous measurements. Near the diagonal of Cu-O bond direction (nodal direction), we found a gap that opens at T(c) and has a canonical (BCS-like) temperature dependence accompanied by the appearance of the so-called Bogoliubov quasi-particles, a classical signature of superconductivity. This is in sharp contrast to the pseudogap near the Cu-O bond direction (antinodal region) measured in earlier experiments.     

The origin of multiple superconducting gaps in MgB2

Magnesium diboride, MgB2, has the highest transition temperature (T(c) = 39 K) of the known metallic superconductors. Whether the anomalously high T(c) can be described within the conventional BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) framework has been debated. The key to understanding superconductivity lies with the 'superconducting energy gap' associated with the formation of the superconducting pairs. Recently, the existence of two kinds of superconducting gaps in MgB2 has been suggested by several experiments; this is in contrast to both conventional and high-T(c) superconductors. A clear demonstration of two gaps has not yet been made because the previous experiments lacked the ability to resolve the momentum of the superconducting electrons. Here we report direct experimental evidence for the two-band superconductivity in MgB2, by separately observing the superconducting gaps of the sigma and pi bands (as well as a surface band). The gaps have distinctly different sizes, which unambiguously establishes MgB2 as a two-gap superconductor.     

恒定电流密度分布与霍耳电场

研究了恒定电流场中电流密度沿导体径向的分布和霍耳电场产生的机理及作用,结果表明,沿径向载流子密度增大、载流子定向运动速度增大,载流子在晶格势场中的能态逐步升高;无论在载流的导体内还是在处于超导载流态的超导体内都存在着径向的霍耳电场;霍耳电场的存在是载流子力学平衡的必备条件,霍耳电场关于径向的线积分是载流子在晶格势场中能量增量的量度.霍耳电场与电流磁场的坡印亭矢量表示了电流能量的传输方向,同时证明了焦耳热来源于载流子在晶格势场中的能态变化——从高能态向低能态跃迁,它可以用导体内的轴向电场和电流磁场的坡印亭矢量来表示,导体外表面附近的电场来源于载流子的运动状态变化,而不是直接来自于电源.用处于载流超导态的超导体不存在轴向电场的事实,说明了载流导体内的轴向电场并不是稳定分布的电荷产生的.     

An hour-glass magnetic spectrum in an insulating, hole-doped antiferromagnet

Superconductivity in layered copper oxide compounds emerges when charge carriers are added to antiferromagnetically ordered CuO(2) layers. The carriers destroy the antiferromagnetic order, but strong spin fluctuations persist throughout the superconducting phase and are intimately linked to superconductivity. Neutron scattering measurements of spin fluctuations in hole-doped copper oxides have revealed an unusual 'hour-glass' feature in the momentum-resolved magnetic spectrum that is present in a wide range of superconducting and non-superconducting materials. There is no widely accepted explanation for this feature. One possibility is that it derives from a pattern of alternating spin and charge stripes, and this idea is supported by measurements on stripe-ordered La(1.875)Ba(0.125)CuO(4) (ref. 15). Many copper oxides without stripe order, however, also exhibit an hour-glass spectrum. Here we report the observation of an hour-glass magnetic spectrum in a hole-doped antiferromagnet from outside the family of superconducting copper oxides. Our system has stripe correlations and is an insulator, which means that its magnetic dynamics can conclusively be ascribed to stripes. The results provide compelling evidence that the hour-glass spectrum in the copper oxide superconductors arises from fluctuating stripes.     

Microscopic electronic inhomogeneity in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x

The parent compounds of the copper oxide high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors are unusual insulators (so-called Mott insulators). Superconductivity arises when they are 'doped' away from stoichiometry. For the compound Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, doping is achieved by adding extra oxygen atoms, which introduce positive charge carriers ('holes') into the CuO2 planes where the superconductivity is believed to originate. Aside from providing the charge carriers, the role of the oxygen dopants is not well understood, nor is it clear how the charge carriers are distributed on the planes. Many models of high-Tc superconductivity accordingly assume that the introduced carriers are distributed uniformly, leading to an electronically homogeneous system as in ordinary metals. Here we report the presence of an electronic inhomogeneity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, on the basis of observations using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy. The inhomogeneity is manifested as spatial variations in both the local density of states spectrum and the superconducting energy gap. These variations are correlated spatially and vary on the surprisingly short length scale of approximately 14 A. Our analysis suggests that this inhomogeneity is a consequence of proximity to a Mott insulator resulting in poor screening of the charge potentials associated with the oxygen ions left in the BiO plane after doping, and is indicative of the local nature of the superconducting state.     

Nodal quasiparticle in pseudogapped colossal magnetoresistive manganites

A characteristic feature of the copper oxide high-temperature superconductors is the dichotomy between the electronic excitations along the nodal (diagonal) and antinodal (parallel to the Cu-O bonds) directions in momentum space, generally assumed to be linked to the 'd-wave' symmetry of the superconducting state. Angle-resolved photoemission measurements in the superconducting state have revealed a quasiparticle spectrum with a d-wave gap structure that exhibits a maximum along the antinodal direction and vanishes along the nodal direction. Subsequent measurements have shown that, at low doping levels, this gap structure persists even in the high-temperature metallic state, although the nodal points of the superconducting state spread out in finite 'Fermi arcs'. This is the so-called pseudogap phase, and it has been assumed that it is closely linked to the superconducting state, either by assigning it to fluctuating superconductivity or by invoking orders which are natural competitors of d-wave superconductors. Here we report experimental evidence that a very similar pseudogap state with a nodal-antinodal dichotomous character exists in a system that is markedly different from a superconductor: the ferromagnetic metallic groundstate of the colossal magnetoresistive bilayer manganite La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7. Our findings therefore cast doubt on the assumption that the pseudogap state in the copper oxides and the nodal-antinodal dichotomy are hallmarks of the superconductivity state.     

半绝缘GaAs光电导天线辐射THz电磁波展宽特性分析

介绍了自洽式多粒子蒙特卡罗方法模拟半绝缘GaAs光电导天线辐射THz电磁时域波形。模型中采用光能、脉宽可调飞秒激光器作为触发光源,模拟的THz电磁波形与实验基本吻合。通过载流子在光电导体内的动态输运特性,分析了辐射THz电磁波场比触发光脉冲展宽的物理机制在于:光生载流子在外电场作用下,从初始状态到速度达到稳态要经历一个动量和能量弛豫过程,而正是由于载流子动量和能量的弛豫过程导致光电导天线辐射的太赫兹波展宽。高光能、低偏置电场下,空间电荷电场是造成光电导天线辐射的THz波呈现双极性的主要原因。     

强关联和自旋磁交换作用对高温超导体临界温度的影响

提出了一种可能的超导理论，该理论强调了格点上的强关联 自旋磁综合利用知雪导机制中的重要性。推出了铜氧化合物超导体的临界温度公式。结果表明，临界瀑 仅强烈地依赖于自旋磁相互作用和格点 的强关联相互作用，而且也依赖于掺杂浓度。     

电热效应机理分析

分析了电热产生的机理,认为,绝缘体材料中的电热是由于外电场作用使价电子能态升高,改变了构成材料的价电子空间位置,使得晶格势场分布发生了变化,价电子系统处于高能状态.价电子系统由高能状态向低能状态转变的过程,对应于导体由热学非平衡态向平衡态——热学最可几状态转变,此时以热的形式放出多余能量,即表现为电热.导体载流时,载流子在作宏观定向运动,当其靠近原子实时,由于在晶格势场中的能态降低,故以热的形式放出多余能量,这就是通常所说的电流热效应.其实,电热与载流子宏观定向运动无关,例如,处于超导载流态的超导体内,虽然有载流子的宏观定向运动,但没有电热产生.电热产生是与价电子能态变化紧密相关的.