寄生峰寄生过程中对寄主主要器官发育的影响

以水稻重要害虫稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee)和其主要的寄生性天敌纵卷叶螟绒茧峰（Apanteles cypris Nixon)为研究对象，重点探讨寄生峰在寄生过程中对寄主主要器官的发育所造成的影响。结果发现被寄生的稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的脑发育迟缓，有萎缩现象；气管组织不甚发达，分支层次明显减少；精巢和卵巢均不能正常发育。     

玉米螟Qstrinia furnacalis(Guenèe)幼虫寄生天敌的实验室观察

本文记述了我们实验室近三年四次引进野生玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)越冬代老熟幼虫时,所观察到的玉米螟幼虫寄生性天敌的种类,寄主昆虫与寄生性天敌的部分习性,以及寄生率的统计。     

豆卷叶螟及其主要寄生蜂——长颊茧蜂的若干生物学特性

豆卷叶螟Lamprosema indicata Fabricius是菜用大豆的一种重要食叶性害虫.在福州地区1a发生4-5代,以老熟幼虫越冬,次年越冬幼虫4月中下旬出蛰.5月中下旬是第1代幼虫危害高峰期,第1代成虫高峰期在6月中旬;第2代幼虫高峰期在6月下旬,7月中旬是第2代成虫高峰期;8月中下旬第3代幼虫盛发,9月上旬是第3代成虫的高峰期;第4代幼虫发生期在9月中下旬,9月下旬10月上旬是第4代成虫盛发期;10月中旬是第5代幼虫的高峰期.豆卷叶螟的主要寄生性天敌有长颊茧蜂Dolichogenidea sp.、广黑点瘤姬蜂Xanthopimpla.punctata,Fabricius、广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus Walker和家蚕追寄蝇Exorista sorbillans Wiedemann,其中长颊茧蜂是天敌优势种,其田间寄生率最高可达80%,对豆卷叶螟的种群的控制起主要作用.     

基于STELLA模型的天敌－稻纵卷叶螟系统的情景分析

 利用系统科学的原理与方法研究害虫种群系统的控制是害虫综合治理的重要途径和发展趋势。根据系统动力学的研究思路,构建了描述不同世代稻纵卷叶螟种群子系统之间、稻纵卷叶螟种群与天敌子系统之间相互转化、相互作用的概念框架模型,并建立和明确了描述各子系统之间数量关系的微分方程或函数关系,在此基础上,通过STELLA软件对不同控制方案下稻纵卷叶螟种群的动态进行了模拟和情景分析。结果表明,6种不同模拟情景下,稻纵卷叶螟成虫及天敌种群随时间的动态变化趋势各不相同,主要表现在稻纵卷叶螟各世代成虫及天敌种群密度峰值的大小、出现时间等方面;一定数量天敌的存在,对有效地防治和控制稻纵卷叶螟的发生与发展有着重要意义。如果能在虫害发生初期,适量补充一定数量的天敌以扩大田间种群发展的基数,可提高其对水稻中后期稻纵卷叶螟的控制效能。     

福建柑桔矢尖蚧天敌种类调查及田间消长研究

本文对福建省柑桔矢尖蚧的天敌种类进行了调查,发现有寄生性天敌6种、捕食性天敌5种.对最为常见的矢尖以黄蚜小蜂Aphytis yanonensis和镞盾蚧黄蚜小蜂Aphytis unaspidis的寄生率消长动态、日本方头甲Cybocephalus nipponicus和整胸寡节瓢虫Telsimia emarginata幼虫的田间数量消长进行了系统观察.建议可从四川等地引入褐黄异角蚜小蜂Coccobius fulvus,以提高天敌对矢尖蚧的综合控制效能.     

纵卷叶螟绒茧峰的畸形细胞

以水稻重要害虫稻纵卷叶螟和其主要寄生天敌从纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂为研究对象，对它们之间相互作用的内部机制进行了初步研究，结果表明纵卷叶螟绒茧峰在寄主体内寄生时，其胚膜的局部区域 解成单个细胞释放到寄主的血淋巴中，形成畸形细胞，起初畸形细胞的数量在１２０个左右，随着寄生蜂幼虫的不断发育，畸莆细胞的体积逐渐增大，当寄生蜂幼虫老熟啮出时，畸表细胞的直径已从最初的３０μｍ增大到２５０μｍ体积增大了５００多倍，但数     

白蛾黑基啮小蜂寄主接受行为的研究

白蛾黑基啮小蜂(Tetrastichus nigricoxae Yang)在徐州地区主要寄生杨小舟蛾(Micromelalopha troglodyta)蛹。在小环境中,它搜寻寄主蛹平均耗时(93.12±66.53)s。搜寻到寄主后,多数小蜂从寄主蛹腹部爬上蛹体并产卵,只有少数小蜂在蛹的头部和胸部爬上寄主蛹并产卵。1~3 d龄小蜂寄生能力无差异,其寄生率均为100%,4 d龄小蜂寄生能力开始显著下降,5 d龄的寄生率已降至20%。白蛾黑基啮小蜂能寄生杨小舟蛾老熟幼虫、预蛹、1~5 d龄蛹,不能寄生6 d龄蛹。1 d龄杨小舟蛾蛹被寄生率最高,达(92.59±12.83)%,随着蛹龄的增长,小蜂对寄主蛹的寄生能力逐渐下降。在增加寄主蛹密度的情况下,小蜂的寄生能力并不能显著提高。随着雌蜂密度的增加,寄主蛹的被寄生率和每头寄主子代出蜂量也相应提高,当蛹蜂比为1∶5时开始出现过寄生现象,并随着雌蜂数量的增加,过寄生现象呈上升趋势。速冻蛹(蛹动)对白蛾黑基啮小蜂接受寄主的影响不大。     

松毛虫脊茧蜂生物学特性的研究

<正>松毛虫脊茧蜂是马尾松毛虫幼虫常见的寄生性天敌,国内分布广泛。在苏皖地区对松毛虫幼虫的平均寄生率为1.8～20.1％。该蜂在苏皖地区一年发生2代,以幼虫在越冬代3～4龄松毛虫幼虫体内越冬。翌年2～3月寄主幼虫虫体缩小,两端微尖,中间隆起呈纺锤形,固定在树皮下或小枝、针叶等部位。越冬代及第1代成虫发生期长,幼虫有滞育现象,因此生活史不整齐,有世代重叠现象。蛹期19～24天。成虫在白天羽化、交尾、产卵,平均寿命7.7～24.7天,补充营养可延长寿命。成虫有较强趋光性,脊茧蜂的诱虫量与松毛虫发生数量密切相关。茧蛹期有5种重寄生天敌,全年平均重寄生率18.6％,其中以窄柄姬蜂最为重要。     

一种盗寄生蜂——夫暗蜂的生物学特性

夫暗蜂Stelis franconica Bluthgen是西鄂尔多斯荒漠地区重要传粉昆虫火红拟孔蜂Hoplitispyrrhosome的初级盗寄生性天敌.本文报道了夫暗蜂除成虫外各虫态的形态特征、生活史、幼虫的发育过程及成虫的寄生习性等生物学特性.夫暗蜂的危害主要发生在火红拟孔蜂的筑巢期,趁寄主蜂离巢采集之时,伺机潜入即将封口的寄主巢室将卵产下,幼虫孵化后杀死寄主幼虫、取食蜂粮直至完成发育.该蜂在西鄂尔多斯地区1年发生1代,以滞育的老熟幼虫茧在寄主巢内越冬.     

稻纵卷叶螟人工饲料的研究

 以稻纵卷叶螟为研究对象,按不同配方配制了6种人工饲料分别用来饲养稻纵卷叶螟,以筛选出适合饲养稻纵卷叶螟的人工饲料。结果表明,在温度为24~26 ℃,相对湿度大于80%,光照条件大于14 h的条件下,其中饲料D、E、F饲养稻纵卷叶螟二龄幼虫只能完成二龄发育,少数幼虫存活到三龄或三龄以上;饲料C饲养稻纵卷叶螟二龄幼虫也只能完成三龄发育;而饲料A和B饲养的稻纵卷叶螟二龄幼虫能完成整个世代发育,存活率分别为26.17%和36.40%,接近对照组新鲜水稻叶饲养的存活率36.67%,且蛹质量和新鲜水稻叶饲养的幼虫没有显著差异,但与对照相比,幼虫历期延长4~6 d、化蛹率下降8%~9%、羽化率下降11%~12%。     

咪唑类化合物对天蚕幼虫生长发育的影响

本文报告了咪唑类化合物——金鹿三眠素对天蚕幼虫生长发育的影响。三龄0～48小时喂饲浸渍过500～2000ppm三眠素溶液的白栎鲜叶后,三眠蚕诱导率最高可达94.56％;诱导所得三眠蚕三、四龄历期明显延长,四龄起蚕体重和四龄末丝腺鲜重重于正常四眠蚕(对照),而三龄至结茧的总历期和熟蚕体重、丝腺鲜重则反之;仍为四眠蚕的三、五龄历期和三龄至结茧的总历期多长于对照、四龄起蚕和熟蚕体重大多重于对照。四龄0～48小时喂饲浸渍过500～2000ppm三眠素溶液白栎鲜叶后,极大多数仍为四眠蚕,三眠蚕诱导率最高仅为9.88％;其中四眠蚕四、五龄历期和四龄至结茧的总历期大多长于对照;诱导所得三眠蚕的四龄历期明显长于对照,但总历期反之。三眠蚕四龄期丝腺鲜重增长明显快于正常四眠蚕,但最终鲜重不及正常四眠蚕。     

Ecdysteroids in the larvae of Opogona sacchari （Bojer）, a invasive alien pest

In order to understand the composition and quantitative variation of ecdysteriods in the larvae of Opogona sacchari (Bojer), a invasive alien pest, we analyzed the larval ecdysteroid composition and titers in this pest. The main component of ecdysteriods in the larvae of O. sacchari is 20-hydroxyecdysone, and also there is a little 26-hydroxyecdysone. The titer of ecdysteriods in the larvae from the 1st instar to the 7th instar was gotten higher gradually compared on ng ecdyster-oid/larva, but no regularity could be found about the titer if compared on ng ecdysteroid/g avoirdupois. There was only one peak of ecdysteroids (0.5475 ng/larva) showed at day 2 during the developmental time of the 6th instar larvae. However, there were two peaks appearing during the developmental time of the 7th instar larvae , one peak (0.29415 ng/larva) at day 3, another (0.214 ng/larva) at day 5.     

白纹伊蚊自然种群生命表研究

本研究设计了一套能排除外界新蚊卵产入的特定年龄生命表的研究方法。从1984年至1988年,共组建了15个自然种群生命表。通过生存曲线分析得出,在食物营养丰富生境下,曲线呈明显的上弓形,虫体大多活到生理寿命后死亡;而在食物营养贫乏生境下的生存曲线上弓形不明显,虫体在幼虫期便大量死亡。结合医学昆虫研究特点,采用上下代成虫数建立种群趋势指数,并提出两项趋势指数,较全面地揭示了种群的趋势动态。关键因子及虫期分析得出,种群关键虫期为3～4龄幼虫期,其次为1～2龄幼虫期,而食物营养因子是整个自然种群的关键因子。种群密度制约性分析得出,1～2龄幼虫致死因子的作用是密度制约的。     

寄主植物和试虫龄期对斜纹夜蛾药剂敏感性的影响

采用浸叶法测定了取食芋、甘薯、白菜和空心菜4种不同寄主植物的斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）4龄幼虫对高效氯氟氰菊酯、毒死蜱、溴虫腈、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氟虫腈的敏感性,比较了不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性差异。结果表明：在取食的4种寄主植物中,斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫对以上5种药剂敏感性最高的均为甘薯,敏感性最低的均为芋,取食白菜和空心菜的幼虫对药剂的敏感性无明显差异;不同龄期斜纹夜蛾幼虫对药剂的敏感性存在显著差异,2—4龄幼虫随龄期的增加,药剂敏感性逐渐下降。     

宽带细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria macrogaster生物学特性的初步研究

本文研究了宽带细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria macrogaster(Thompson)的生物学特性,发现该食蚜蝇在福州一年发生7代,各代的历期分别为46.3天、30.9天、66.7天、23.1天、26.1天、37.1天与131.2天。主要以蛹在土壤中越冬和越夏,所以第7代与第3代的历期都很长,蛹期也比其他各代长,分别为100天与45天。每雌的平均产卵量为20.8粒。幼虫期的总捕蚜量为286.7头,其中2、3龄幼虫的捕蚜量占幼虫期总捕蚜量的98.2％。     

珍贵绢丝昆虫天蚕的半纯饲料

本文报告了以白栎叶粉为叶因子的天蚕半纯饲料的数种配方。配方Ⅰ、Ⅱ适用于饲育1～3龄稚蚕,4龄开始改用鲜叶育,其幼虫总的存活率为61.54％～65.63％,幼虫历期为39.48～40.40天,茧层量为0.3558～0.3982g。配方Ⅸ适用于全期育,幼虫总的存活率为52.83％,历期53.53天,茧层量0.1826g。此外,并讨论了配方的改进途径。     

Nickel accumulation and its effects on the survival rate of Spodoptera litura Fabricius under continuous nickel stress

The artificial diets mixed with various concentrations of nickel were offered to the larvae of the phytophagous insect Spodoptera litura Fabricius for 3 generations. Nickel accumulations in the 6th instar larvae, pupae and newly emerged adults of the corresponding generations of S. litura were investigated by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES), and the effects of nickel accumulations on the survival rate of S. litura were also evaluated by individual rearing. The results showed that nickel accumulated in the 6th instar larvae, pupae and adults of S. litura, and the accu- mulated nickel in all the tested developmental stages within a generation increased with the increase of the nickel doses in the treated diets and showed significant dose-dependent relationship with the nickel doses in the artificial diets. The results also indicated that the nickel accumulations in the 6th instar larvae, pupae, and newly emerged adults from the 3rd generation were higher than those from the 2nd generation, which were also higher than those from the 1st generation. Nickel concentrations in pupae and adults were significantly lower than those in larvae, which indicated that the excessive nickel might be excreted during metamorphosis. Furthermore, larval survival rate, pupation rate and eclosion rate of S. litura in the tested three generations all decreased with the increase of the nickel doses in the treated diets.     

Effects of dietary nickel on apoptosis of hemocytes of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) larvae

Effects of dietary nickel on apoptosis of hemocytes of the 6th instar larvae of Spodoptera litura Fabricius were evaluated using flow cytometry and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) by feeding S. litura larvae with artificial diets amended with different concentrations of nickel (1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) for 3 generations. Results showed that the hemocyte apoptosis rate of the 1st generation larvae increased with the increasing nickel concentrations in diet, and the apoptosis rate in the treatment with 40 mg/kg nickel was significantly higher than that in other treatments. In the 2nd generation, the highest hemocytes apoptosis rate was recorded in the treatment of the larvae exposed to 5 mg/kg nickel. The apoptosis rates in the larvae stressed by higher concentrations of nickel were lower than that in control. The apoptosis rates in the larvae exposed to nickel for 3 generations showed similar concentration-responses with that in the 2nd generation. However, the apoptosis rates in the larvae stressed with higher levels of nickel were all significantly inhibited in comparison with that in control. Therefore, effects of nickel stress on apoptosis of S. litura larvae were related with the nickel concentration in diets and the larval generations that were stressed by nickel.     

不同培水方式对斜带石斑鱼育苗池中浮游生物群落的影响

 斜带石斑鱼在中国的养殖主要位于南方,养殖规模仍不及其他海水养殖鱼类,如卵形鲳鲹、海鲈、军曹鱼等。苗种培育成活率低是造成斜带石斑鱼养殖业发展滞后的主要“瓶颈”之一,这与石斑鱼仔鱼开口期缺乏适宜的生物饵料有关,尤其是浮游动物的缺乏。为此,文中设计了4种不同培水方式,研究其对斜带石斑鱼育苗池中浮游生物群落的影响。方式1中分别添加益生菌、虾片40 mL·m^-3和4 g·m^-3（组1）,方式2中分别添加益生菌、虾片80 mL·m^-3和8 g·m^-3（组2）,方式3中添加小球藻液2.5 L·m^-3（组3）,方式4中添加小球藻液5 L·m^-3（组4）。每组设3个重复。育苗池规格2.5 m ×4.0 m×1.1 m（宽×长×高）。结果表明,组1和组2中浮游植物、浮游动物种类数高于组3和组4。益生菌和虾片的添加可显著提高育苗池中浮游植物及浮游动物密度。整个育苗过程中。组2所含浮游动物密度维持在较高水平(1.3 × 10.5~2.1 × 10.5 ind·L^-1),组1和组2中浮游动物密度要显著高于组3和组4(P≤0.05)。从实验中可看出石斑鱼育苗池中添加一定量的益生菌和虾片,可获得较丰富的浮游动物群落,为石斑鱼仔稚鱼生长提供活饵料。