有吹吸速度的外掠多孔平板湍流边界层的积分方法

具有吹吸速度的外掠多孔平板湍流流动特性是研究发散冷却和气膜冷却的基础,具有重要的理论研究意义.将湍流速度边界层划分为层流底层和湍流核心区,采用三次多项式和1/5次幂函数分别代表流体沿两个区域厚度方向的速度分布,通过积分方法建立了动量方程,利用四阶龙格-库塔法求解得到可渗透壁面湍流边界层速度场的理论解析解,同时获得了壁面摩擦系数.对比表明,解析解与Whitten、Blackwell试验结果以及Kays的经验公式符合得较为满意,证明了所提出的湍流理论模型的正确性.     

基于积分方法的外掠平板湍流温度场的解析解

外掠平板湍流流动特性是研究湍流传热特性的基本问题之一,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值.本文将外掠平板湍流温度边界层划分为层流底层和湍流核心区,分别采用三次多项式和1/5次幂函数描述温度场的分布规律,用积分方法建立能量方程,利用四阶龙格-库塔算法得到湍流温度场理论解.与Blackwell、Moffat和Kays等人的试验结果对比表明本文解析解的正确性,获得的理论解与经典普朗特-泰勒二层理论模型也具有较好的一致性.     

Karman边界层动量方程中的层流速度分布方程

针对层流流动,提出了一个新的指数型速度分布方程。将其代入karman边界层动量方程后,求得的边界层厚度、边界层中任意点的流速、平板壁面上的总曳力及曳力系数均与Basius精确解极为接近。     

车身非光滑表面边界层流场特性分析

为了研究非光滑车身表面边界层流场特性,采用大涡模拟与Realizable k-ε湍流模型对车身外部瞬态和稳态流场进行数值模拟计算,对比分析了非光滑模型与光滑模型边界层内速度、粘性底层厚度、壁面剪切力、表面摩擦阻力因数、湍流强度和湍流耗散率等流场参数,解析了非光滑表面对车身流场流动特性的影响.研究结果表明,非光滑模型边界层内速度明显高于光滑模型,边界层厚度、壁面剪切力、表面摩擦阻力因数、湍流强度、湍流耗散率都比光滑模型有所减小.非光滑表面的引入加剧了车身尾迹气流的参混效应,防止外界的高速流对内部低速流的引射作用,从而减少了车身流场能量的损失.     

沟槽壁湍流减阻机理的氢气泡流动显示及数字图像分析

应用氢气泡流动显示和数字图像处理技术,对微型沟槽壁面平板湍流边界层的减阻机理进行了实验研究.对开口循环水槽中沟槽壁面及光滑平板壁面湍流边界层近壁区高低速条带流动结构及其猝发现象进行了氢气泡流动显示,应用"帧间比较"定量分析方法,获得了水平平面内流向脉动速度、展向脉动速度的平面分布,并对沟槽壁面和平板壁面近壁面区域湍流相干结构的氢气泡流动显示图像进行了比较分析,根据流向脉动速度、展向脉动速度的平面分布分析了沟槽壁面及光滑平板壁面湍流边界层近壁区高低速条带结构的展向尺度特征,从壁湍流相干结构控制的角度研究了沟槽壁面平板湍流边界层的减阻机理.     

应用激光流体应变率仪测量壁面阻力

激光流体应变率仪是能将流体边界层的近壁区线性速度分布与菲涅尔双棱镜分光形成的干涉条纹的间距线性特性结合起来的测量仪器,能够直接测量固体表面边界层的速度梯度,而且不干扰流场,并由速度梯度可推出壁面剪切应力。用这种仪器在二维流动管道中进行了测量层流和湍流的初步试验。试验表明,对层流的测量结果与理论分析基本一致。因此,该仪器可作为流体边界层的壁面阻力测量及监视工具。     

高速轿车二维风沙流边界层方程的解

对于高速轿车风沙流边界层动量积分,在确定的边界条件的控制下,采用四次多项式结构来近似边界层内的速度分布,获得含有固相对边界层扰动因素的形状因子。通过对动量积分的相关变换和对因子函数的讨论及其对曲线的分析,在引用了边界层厚度系数的条件下,得到风沙流边界层方程的解的表达式并给出其边界层计算的有限次逼近算法。通过对边界层方程的解的分析,确定了解的存在性和唯一性。     

边界层人工转捩的大涡模拟及壁面脉动压力研究

为了验证边界层人工转捩技术实现船模边界层壁面脉动压力载荷相似的可行性,采用大涡模拟以及功率谱估计获得平板湍流边界层壁面脉动压力功率谱,并与试验值、半经验模型值进行了对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。采用大涡模拟获得了绊线上下游壁面脉动压力的均方值、自功率谱和波数频率谱;以脉动压力均方值、自功率谱特征为判据,对比了方形、锯齿形绊线的转捩效果。结果表明:绊线高度雷诺数大于吉宾斯雷诺数;两种绊线均可实现边界层转捩,且壁面脉动压力的功率谱特征、谱级相近;与同流速平板湍流边界层相比,即使在当地雷诺数较低时,绊线下游边界层壁面脉动压力自功率谱平台区仍然高出10 dB左右。设计的绊线可用于减弱船模边界层壁面脉动压力的尺度效应,并有助于实现壁面脉动压力载荷相似。     

Gao-Yong湍流模型对边界层转捩的适用性研究

准确预测边界层转捩对深入理解湍流边界层发展和飞行器翼型优化工业应用等具有重要意义。为提升Gao-Yong(G-Y)湍流模型对平板边界层发展及转捩特性预测的准确性与适用性，该文提出了采用G-Y漂移位矢Reynolds数(Re_T)表征当地湍流脉动强度的方法，建立实度系数(Cs)与Re_T间的函数关系，解决G-Y湍流模型中Cs取值间断、分布离散的问题。基于开源OpenFOAM软件开发了改进G-Y湍流模型的求解器，对经典平板边界层和转捩实验开展计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值模拟并验证。研究结果表明，相比k-ω等传统雷诺平均(Reynolds averaged Naviers-Stokes,RANS)模型，改进后的G-Y湍流模型不仅能准确模拟边界层流动特征，还能合理预测边界层发展过程及转捩位置，准确性较高。结果表明，经过改进的G-Y湍流模型可进一步用于对边界层转捩特性的研究。     

射流表面主流场速度与射流速度耦合减阻特性

针对射流表面流场特性,运用可拓学基本原理,建立主流场速度与射流速度耦元、耦合方式的可拓模型.利用RNG k-ε湍流模型对射流表面主流场速度与射流速度耦合情况下减阻特性进行数值模拟,研究射流表面减小黏性阻力和压差阻力的原因及对射流孔附近壁面流域边界层控制行为.研究结果表明:主流场速度越小与射流速度越大耦合情况下射流表面减阻效果最好,节能效果明显;主流场速度与射流速度耦合对边界层的控制行为表现在射流表面模型使射流孔下游流域黏性底层厚度减小,边界层厚度降低,导致壁面所受黏性阻力减小;同时形成的反向漩涡在壁面形成的反向流对仿生射流表面产生逆流向的推动作用,对压差阻力产生抑制效应.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.