Mark 421多波段光变特性研究

文章收集了Mark421天体1974年至2005年的光学波段观测数据。通过对数据分析处理得到Mark421天体的U、B、V、R波段的短时标光变曲线和U、B、V、R、I波段的长期光变曲线。分析研究短时标的光变曲线图,发现Mark421存在最小短时标光变周期为230.4min。用线性拟合的方法计算了光学谱指数,得到平均光学谱指数为1.5454,从分析光学谱指数与星等之间的变化关系中,我们发现两者之间并没有相关性。用Jurkevich周期分析的方法,对Mark421天体B波段的长周期光变和谱指数分析,得出Mark421天体的光变和光学谱指数的变化都表现出周期性。     

3C 371的长周期光变

文章从有关文献中收集了3C 371近100年的光学观测数据,并运用Jurkevich的方法研究了它的长期光变的周期性,我们发现,3C 371在B波段观测的最大变化幅度ΔB＝2^m.31,用Jurkevich的方法分布B 段的数据,得到了一个6．81年的光变周期。     

AO 0235+164天体光变周期性分析

从文献资料中收集了AO 0235+1矾天体光学B波段和射电4.8GHz、37GHz十几年的观测有效数据,并获得了其长期的光变曲线,从光变曲线可以看出其活动是非常剧烈的.利用了Jurkevich方法和自相关函数方法分别对AO 0235+164进行了周期性分析,研究结果表明,其可能存在大约3.14±0.16a的光变周期.而Raiteri等人发现5～6a的光变周期可能是3.14±0.16a光变周期的叠合.     

类星体3C 273 X射线波段周期特性分析

收集了Ariel V ssI、GINGA、EXOSAT及RXTEX卫星在X射线波段（2-10keV）的观测数据点1059个,获得了类星体3C273从1976年至2008年的历史光变曲线。利用Jurkevich方法及DCF方法计算并分析了类星体3C273的光变周期,结果表明,3C273在X射线波段的光变周期为14.45±0.15年。此外,针对这一光变周期结果,用双黑洞模型对其中心黑洞质量进行了估算和讨论。     

3C454．3红外波段光变特性分析

从SMARTS数据库中,收集了3C454．3的红外J波段和K波段的光变数据,并运用结构函数法和离散相关函数方法对其光变曲线进行分析,发现3C454．3在J波段和K波段可能存在192d的周期性光变,该周期很可能是由双黑洞系统中轨道驱动的螺旋喷流引起的。还发现3C454．3在红外J波段和K波段的辐射变化具有显著的相关性。     

时间补偿离散傅里叶变换分析PKS 1510-089红外光变周期

收集了类星体PKS 1510-089红外H波段和J波段的星等值,运用DCDFT对该天体的光变周期进行分析,并与Jurkevich方法作比较.分析结果表明:运用DCDFT分析得到H波段和J波段大致存在(0.87±0.11)a的光变周期.     

BL Lac天体3C 66A的光变周期分析

收集了BL Lac天体3C 66A在γ射线波段的历史光变数据,并利用功率密度谱方法和Jurkevich方法对其光变曲线进行周期性分析,所得结果显示在3C 66A的γ射线光变曲线中存在约216.9d的光变周期,该结果能被螺旋喷流模型很好的解释.     

BLLac天体PKS2155-304的光变周期分析

从文献中收集了BLLac天体PKS2155-304在光学R波段从2004年至2011年共6310个观测数据点,获得了天体光学R波段的变化曲线。用Jurkevich方法分析了PKS2155-304在光学R波段的变化周期,发现PKS2155-304在光学R波段存在约314d（0．86a）的中短时标光变周期,用双黑洞系统的轨道驱动引起喷流的非弹道螺旋运动模型解释了天体存在的中短时标光变现象。     

耀变体PKS 2155-304的光学波段光变特性

使用Swift卫星UVOT望远镜的观测数据,得到耀变体PKS 2155-304从2005年11月17日到2017年9月8日的光学U、B波段的光变曲线.应用Jurkevich方法对光变曲线进行周期特性分析,结果表明:PKS 2155-304在光学U波段可能具有237d的准周期性光变,B波段光变可能具有242d的准周期,该结果得到DCF方法的验证.通过DCF方法还发现光学U、B波段的光变具有强相关性,且无显著的时间延迟.     

活动星系核长期射电闪烁特性研究

论文选取3C120天体在射电波段的30多年的观测数据作为样本,分别作出了4.8 GHz,8.0GHz和14.5 GHz三个射电波段的光变曲线,用结构函数对其进行分析,计算峰值流量、闪烁持续时间和变化指数,并与早期的研究作了比较,观测结果与理论模型符合得很好。我们的研究也表明闪烁能量释放与闪烁持续时间无关。     

A tidally distorted dwarf galaxy near NGC 4449

NGC 4449 is a nearby Magellanic irregular starburst galaxy with a B-band absolute magnitude of -18 and a prominent, massive, intermediate-age nucleus at a distance from Earth of 3.8?megaparsecs (ref. 3). It is wreathed in an extraordinary neutral hydrogen (H?I) complex, which includes rings, shells and a counter-rotating core, spanning ～90?kiloparsecs (kpc; refs 1, 4). NGC 4449 is relatively isolated, although an interaction with its nearest known companion--the galaxy DDO 125, some 40?kpc to the south--has been proposed as being responsible for the complexity of its H?I structure. Here we report the presence of a dwarf galaxy companion to NGC 4449, namely NGC 4449B. This companion has a V-band absolute magnitude of -13.4 and a half-light radius of 2.7?kpc, with a full extent of around 8?kpc. It is in a transient stage of tidal disruption, similar to that of the Sagittarius dwarf near the Milky Way. NGC 4449B exhibits a striking S-shaped morphology that has been predicted for disrupting galaxies but has hitherto been seen only in a dissolving globular cluster. We also detect an additional arc or disk ripple embedded in a two-component stellar halo, including a component extending twice as far as previously known, to about 20?kpc from the galaxy's centre.     

原初典型星系的形成、演化及大尺度天体层次结构和演化的基本规律

本文应用相对论性牛顿万有引力定律和非黎曼几何的传统力学分析方法,对当代天体物理中大尺度天体一系列根本性问题,作了较系统全面的探索研究：（1）导出了原初典型星系的起源、形成和生死循环演化的基本规律．揭示了类星体、活动星系核现象和类星体反常红移未解之迷．证明了星系核中均都存在一超级不稳定黑洞．（2）导出了大尺度层次天体的基本特征和层次攀升演化的一系列基本规律．并对此系列唯象规律,作了相对论力学分析的理论证明．导出了星系分布中存在的”星系长城”、“星系空洞”和”星系分布红移周期性”等可观测天文现象．由此证明了总星系中质元星系非均匀和各向异性的分布规律．（3）导出了由排斥起主导作用形成的第二类引力黑洞：双饱和稳定临界黑洞（总星系M’S4）．揭示了星系红移和类星体特大红移之迷．（4）证明了相对论性牛顿万有引力是一种力程λG=R＇54的远程饱和有程力．（5）定量导出了总星系中潜藏的“场暗质星”和发不出光的“非场暗质量”,证明了“场暗质量”高度均匀和各向同性的分布规律．（6）导出了宇宙的“双饱和稳定临界黑洞理想气体分子结构模型”,导出了质量无限,尺度无边、没有中心、没有始终、永恒运动的无限宇宙．     

The discovery of a galaxy-wide superwind from a young massive galaxy at redshift z approximately 3

High-velocity galactic outflows, driven by intense bursts of star formation and black hole accretion, are processes invoked by current theories of galaxy formation to terminate star formation in the most massive galaxies and to deposit heavy elements in the intergalactic medium. From existing observational evidence (for high-redshift galaxies) it is unclear whether such outflows are localized to regions of intense star formation just a few kiloparsecs in extent, or whether they instead have a significant impact on the entire galaxy and its surroundings. Here we present two-dimensional spectroscopy of a star-forming galaxy at redshift z = 3.09 (seen 11.5 gigayears ago, when the Universe was 20 per cent of its current age): its spatially extended Lyalpha line emission appears to be absorbed by H i in a foreground screen covering the entire galaxy, with a lateral extent of at least 100 kpc and remarkable velocity coherence. This screen was ejected from the galaxy during a starburst several 10(8) years earlier and has subsequently swept up gas from the surrounding intergalactic medium and cooled. This demonstrates the galaxy-wide impact of high-redshift superwinds.     

An almost head-on collision as the origin of two off-centre rings in the Andromeda galaxy

The unusual morphology of the Andromeda galaxy (Messier 31, the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way) has long been an enigma. Although regarded for decades as showing little evidence of a violent history, M31 has a well-known outer ring of star formation at a radius of ten kiloparsecs whose centre is offset from the galaxy nucleus. In addition, the outer galaxy disk is warped, as seen at both optical and radio wavelengths. The halo contains numerous loops and ripples. Here we report the presence of a second, inner dust ring with projected dimensions of 1.5 x 1 kiloparsecs and offset by about half a kiloparsec from the centre of the galaxy (based upon an analysis of previously-obtained data). The two rings appear to be density waves propagating in the disk. Numerical simulations indicate that both rings result from a companion galaxy plunging through the centre of the disk of M31. The most likely interloper is M32. Head-on collisions between galaxies are rare, but it appears nonetheless that one took place 210 million years ago in our Local Group of galaxies.     

Gravitational detection of a low-mass dark satellite galaxy at cosmological distance

The mass function of dwarf satellite galaxies that are observed around Local Group galaxies differs substantially from simulations based on cold dark matter: the simulations predict many more dwarf galaxies than are seen. The Local Group, however, may be anomalous in this regard. A massive dark satellite in an early-type lens galaxy at a redshift of 0.222 was recently found using a method based on gravitational lensing, suggesting that the mass fraction contained in substructure could be higher than is predicted from simulations. The lack of very low-mass detections, however, prohibited any constraint on their mass function. Here we report the presence of a (1.9?±?0.1)?×?10(8) M dark satellite galaxy in the Einstein ring system JVAS B1938+666 (ref. 11) at a redshift of 0.881, where M denotes the solar mass. This satellite galaxy has a mass similar to that of the Sagittarius galaxy, which is a satellite of the Milky Way. We determine the logarithmic slope of the mass function for substructure beyond the local Universe to be 1.1(+0.6)(-0.4), with an average mass fraction of 3.3(+3.6)(-1.8) per cent, by combining data on both of these recently discovered galaxies. Our results are consistent with the predictions from cold dark matter simulations at the 95 per cent confidence level, and therefore agree with the view that galaxies formed hierarchically in a Universe composed of cold dark matter.     

塞弗特星系NGC5953的形态和表面色指数

用国家天文台昆明站1m光学望远镜和兴隆站2．16m光学望远镜对塞弗特2型活动星系NGC5953进行了B、V、R三色测光观测，着重研究了星系形态、三个光学波段上的表面亮度轮廓和（B-V）、（B—R）表面色指数分布。结果发现，在NGC5953星系核的附近偏北方有一个大小约2kpc、平均光谱型相当于A5的蟹状“蓝区”，该“蓝区”伸展出5条旋臂状结构并分别与5组巨电离氢区成协；在NGC5953与邻近的旋涡星系NGC5954的连接区域存在一个较弱的结构，可能是一个大小约1kpc、绝对星等约-12．75的矮星系；NGC5953表面色指数分布重心相对于巨电离氢区分布重心及星系核存在着约0．5kpc的偏离，这表明了NGC5953／4的相互作用与NGC5953中发生的恒星形成有密切相关。     

Systematic variation of the stellar initial mass function in early-type galaxies

Much of our knowledge of galaxies comes from analysing the radiation emitted by their stars, which depends on the present number of each type of star in the galaxy. The present number depends on the stellar initial mass function (IMF), which describes the distribution of stellar masses when the population formed, and knowledge of it is critical to almost every aspect of galaxy evolution. More than 50 years after the first IMF determination, no consensus has emerged on whether it is universal among different types of galaxies. Previous studies indicated that the IMF and the dark matter fraction in galaxy centres cannot both be universal, but they could not convincingly discriminate between the two possibilities. Only recently were indications found that massive elliptical galaxies may not have the same IMF as the Milky Way. Here we report a study of the two-dimensional stellar kinematics for the large representative ATLAS(3D) sample of nearby early-type galaxies spanning two orders of magnitude in stellar mass, using detailed dynamical models. We find a strong systematic variation in IMF in early-type galaxies as a function of their stellar mass-to-light ratios, producing differences of a factor of up to three in galactic stellar mass. This implies that a galaxy's IMF depends intimately on the galaxy's formation history.     

The star-formation history of the Universe from the stellar populations of nearby galaxies

The determination of the star-formation history of the Universe is a key goal of modern cosmology, as it is crucial to our understanding of how galactic structures form and evolve. Observations of young stars in distant galaxies at different times in the past have indicated that the stellar birthrate peaked some eight billion years ago before declining by a factor of around ten to its present value. Here we report an analysis of the 'fossil record' of the current stellar populations of 96,545 nearby galaxies, from which we obtained a complete star-formation history. Our results broadly support those derived from high-redshift galaxies. We find, however, that the peak of star formation was more recent--around five billion years ago. We also show that the bigger the stellar mass of the galaxy, the earlier the stars were formed, which indicates that high- and low-mass galaxies have very different histories.     

Galaxy mass deduced from the structure of Einstein ring MG1654+1346

ELLIPTICAL galaxies acting as gravitational lenses occasionally produce spectacular images-Einstein rings-of distant objects. Giant arcs(1) and radio rings(2) have been observed. A wide variety of image morphologies is possible, the generation of which is qualitatively understood in terms of large magnifications at caustic and critical lines in the lensing geometry(3-5). From the angular size of the image, and with knowledge of the distances of the lensed and lensing object, rough estimates of the mass of the lensing galaxy can be obtained. We have made high-resolution radio-interferometric observations of MG1654 + 1346 (ref. 6) a radio quasar in near-perfect alignment with an elliptical galaxy, and show that radio emission is distorted into a narrow Einstein ring that lies within a diamond-shaped region bounded by caustic lines. From the details of the ring structure, a new model for the lensing geometry is deduced which leads to a more accurate estimate of the mass of the lensing galaxy.     

Supermassive black holes do not correlate with dark matter haloes of galaxies

Supermassive black holes have been detected in all galaxies that contain bulge components when the galaxies observed were close enough that the searches were feasible. Together with the observation that bigger black holes live in bigger bulges, this has led to the belief that black-hole growth and bulge formation regulate each other. That is, black holes and bulges coevolve. Therefore, reports of a similar correlation between black holes and the dark matter haloes in which visible galaxies are embedded have profound implications. Dark matter is likely to be non-baryonic, so these reports suggest that unknown, exotic physics controls black-hole growth. Here we show, in part on the basis of recent measurements of bulgeless galaxies, that there is almost no correlation between dark matter and parameters that measure black holes unless the galaxy also contains a bulge. We conclude that black holes do not correlate directly with dark matter. They do not correlate with galaxy disks, either. Therefore, black holes coevolve only with bulges. This simplifies the puzzle of their coevolution by focusing attention on purely baryonic processes in the galaxy mergers that make bulges.