水泵水轮机制动工况内流特性分析

为研究水泵水轮机在制动工况运行时内部流动特性,在确定的等开度线上选取具有代表性的制动工况点,对其进行了全流道数值计算.选用SST k-ω湍流模型,采用SIMPLEC耦合算法,对选定工况点的机组整体流动域内的三维复杂流态进行了分析.结果表明:机组进入制动工况后流态总体上呈现出不稳定状态,多伴有大尺度漩涡的产生.其中蜗壳及固定导叶内流动较为平稳,自活动导叶进口处出现小尺度漩涡,在转轮中流态不稳定达到极致,叶道间出现大尺度漩涡;转轮进出口流动虽以水轮机工况流动方向为主,但受转轮内大尺度旋涡及离心力影响,回流严重流动紊乱,流态转入反水泵工况的趋势明显;尾水管内流动呈现显著的螺旋态,从进口开始流动回旋紧贴壁面,直锥段出现大幅回流反向进入转轮区域.此工况机组整体流域的复杂流动势必加剧机组的振动,对其稳定运行造成极大的影响.     

混流式水轮机部分负荷下的叶片动载荷模拟

通过求解三维不稳定Reynolds平均Navier-Stokes方程,并采用RNGk-ε模型实现方程的封闭,对3个不同转轮在部分负荷下进行了包括导叶、转轮、尾水管在内的三维不稳定流动计算。结果表明:由于水轮机转轮的旋转,在部分负荷工况下,由尾水管内涡带引起的转轮内的压力脉动主要频率fr是转频fn与涡带压力脉动频率fd之差;同时转轮内压力脉动还有导叶通过频率和转频及其倍频等成分;在66%左右开度下叶片上压力脉动幅值一般大于80%左右开度下的值;在同一工况下,叶片背面的压力脉动幅值一般大于叶片正面的值。     

尾水管涡带引起的不稳定流动计算与分析

尾水管内涡带引起的不稳定流关系到水电站机组的安全。针对一个混流式水轮机的典型部分负荷工况,采用PISO(pressure-implicitwithsplittingofoperators)方法,计算了尾水管内部由于涡带引起的不稳定流场,预测了涡带脉动频率以及尾水管各断面上压力脉动。结果表明,涡带压力脉动频率约为转频的1/3,与实际观察到的脉动频率相符。在此基础上,分析了尾水管直锥段、弯肘段和扩散段内的压力脉动特征以及尾水管内压力脉动对转轮内压力的影响。     

水轮机尾水管涡带诱发的转轮横向激振力计算

针对引起水轮机机组振动最主要的振源——尾水管涡带,建立了一种计算水轮机转轮轴系横向激振力的可行性方法。通过对尾水管涡带对转轮流场影响方式和前人试验、数值结果的调查研究,建立了转轮出口延伸处涡带对转轮内流体的扰动简化模型,将这种涡带扰动流场作用于转轮三维紊流流场计算模型上,最终计算得到了不平衡横向激振力,可以作为轴系分析的已知外力,为水轮机轴系动力分析提供必要的数据。     

大型混流式水轮机小负荷工况振动研究

研究了大型混流式水轮机小负荷工况下运行的振动．在小负荷工况下运行，水轮机转轮进口冲角很大，由此产生脱流，形成叶道涡，在尾水管形成涡带，涡带压力脉动引起了水轮机的振动．通过对小负荷区的试验研究，提出了小负荷区振动的解决办法．     

带分流叶片水泵水轮机特殊工况内部流场特性

基于国内某抽水蓄能电站建立的水力模型并结合该模型试验报告,采用SSTk-ω模型计算带分流叶片水泵水轮机7.5°导叶开度下零流量工况附近的制动工况和反水泵工况,进行定常和非定常数值模拟,研究其内部流场压力分布、速度流线分布及径向力分布规律.结果表明:计算流体动力学数值计算可以很好地模拟分析带分流叶片水泵水轮机的内部流场特性;制动工况下的流态很差,涡结构充满整个流道引起水流拥堵且成不对称分布;反水泵工况导叶和转轮出现了严重的流动分离,水流在叶片中上游发生冲击;分流叶片的存在减小了负压区域,降低了汽蚀现象发生的可能性,有助于水轮机内部水流流动更加平稳;带分流叶片水泵水轮机的径向力在一个周期内的变化规律与转轮叶片数强关联,峰谷值个数与叶片数相对应.     

基于VOF模型的抽水蓄能电站全过流系统水轮机工况数值模拟

为了更加全面地分析抽水蓄能电站水轮机工况的流动特性,建立包括引水隧洞、调压井、高压管道、水泵水轮机以及尾水隧洞的全过流系统几何模型,采用两相流VOF模型对不同导叶开度的水轮机工况进行三维湍流数值模拟,计算各过流部件的水力损失,并详细分析了机组段流场。结果表明:抽水蓄能电站的水力损失主要发生在机组段,而输水系统的水力损失相对较小,约占总水力损失的18.6％;导叶开度不同从而引起叶片压力面与吸力面的压力差不同,这是导致转轮水力损失不同的主要原因;尾水管内的流态与导叶开度有关,开度越小,在尾水管进口处越容易形成回流,水力损失越大。      

尾水管压力脉动的模拟与现场实测

通过求解包括导叶、转轮、尾水管3大过流部件在内的水轮机流道内的三维不稳定Reynolds平均Navier-Stokes方程,获得了不同开度部分负荷下的尾水管压力脉动特征和涡带特征。计算采用了RNGk-ε模型。对所计算的水轮机,在尾水管进人门中心对压力脉动进行了现场实测。计算与实测的比较表明,在开度为65%~80%的范围内,计算所得涡带压力脉动低频频率与实测值吻合良好;在80%左右开度下,幅值预测也很准确,但65%左右开度下,幅值偏差略大;结合尾水管内涡带运动特征,对计算方法进行了评价:由于所采用的k-ε系列模型为统计模型,计算的压力脉动未能反映实测中出现的高频成分。     

非同步导叶对水泵水轮机制动工况下振动特性的影响分析

为研究带MGV(非同步导叶)装置水泵水轮机制动工况下机组振动特性,以某模型水泵水轮机为研究对象,基于分离涡(detached eddy simulation,DES)湍流模型,通过研究水泵水轮机制动工况下无叶区流动状态,分析设置MGV装置预开活动导叶后对流动的影响.选取预开导叶分别为24 mm和33 mm,并设计四种非同步导叶布置策略,通过全流道数值模拟获得机组在低负荷启动时振动的最优方案.结果表明:水泵水轮机的振动主要是由导叶后转轮前无叶区产生二次流与转轮内部叶道出口段回流而引起;预开导叶对制动工况下机组运行的振动问题具有优化作用.     

水泵水轮机内部压力脉动特性研究

为了研究水泵水轮机内部不同部位处的压力脉动特性,采用计算流体动力学软件对设计工况点下水泵水轮机三维全流道内部流动进行了非定常数值计算,同时监测了蜗壳隔舌附近、顶盖处、转轮与活动导叶之间以及尾水管锥管处的压力脉动。通过分析计算所得的压力脉动结果表明:机组顶盖区域压力脉动相对较为明显,水轮机工况下的脉动频率以2倍叶倍频为主,水泵工况时脉动频率以1倍的叶倍频为主;对于转轮与导叶间的无叶区域,水泵工况和水轮机工况脉动频率均为1倍叶倍频,且该处的监测点的压力脉动频率主要由于转轮与活动导叶之间的动静干涉产生;在转轮内水轮机工况时的压力脉动频率呈现多样性,水泵工况时则都以转频的倍数为主;尾水管直锥段的主频率在最优工况下等于1倍叶倍频,振动幅值较小。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to