基于模块化多电平换流器电容均压控制的环流抑制策略

针对模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)子模块电压波动导致相间环流过大的问题,在设计MMC子模块均压的基础上,提出一种将低通滤波器与并联的多个准比例谐振(quasi proportional resonant,QPR)控制器结合的新型环流抑制器.首先介绍MMC基本拓扑结构及分析MMC桥臂子模块电压波动与桥臂环流的机理关系,然后提出基于MMC电容均压控制的环流抑制策略,最后在Matlab/Simulink中验证该方案的有效性与可行性.仿真结果表明,MMC子模块电容电压波动幅度较小,并且MMC中高频与低频环流均在合理范围之内.     

海上风电传输中MMC的模型预测控制

针对海上风电柔性直流输电系统(HVDC)中模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的循环电流抑制及MMC中子模块电容电压平衡问题,提出一种模型预测控制(MPC)策略。该方法根据系统的离散时间数学模型,开发对应的预测控制方式,将每个MMC单元中最佳的开关状态问题转化为求目标函数的最优化问题,以抑制环流,并实现MMC单元的电容电压平衡。最后利用MATLAB/SIMULINK进行仿真验证,研究结果表明:该模型预测控制策略是有效的和可行的,且实现原理简单,适用于海上风电传输的MMC-HVDC系统。     

一种模块化多电平的改进最近电平调制策略

模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)因其模块化设计易于扩展、开关频率低等特点,在中高压大功率系统中得到越来越多的应用;而最近电平调制(nearest level modulation,NLM)作为一种实时阶梯波调制方式,常用于上百个电平数的场合。首先对MMC的基本结构和最近电平调制的运行机理进行分析,推导出该调制策略所存在的固有缺陷;在此基础上,提出了改进的最近电平调制策略。通过引入调制波与阶梯波间偏差,有效避免了在电平数较低情况下电容电压波动、环流等问题。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了MMC仿真模型,对改进前后的最近电平调制策略进行了比较分析。仿真结果表明该改进调制策略可以提高系统的稳态运行特性,对子模块电容电压波动和环流产生抑制作用。     

基于DSOGI-QSG和PNLM方法的MMC-HVDC控制策略

采用模型预测(MPC)与虚拟磁链估算方法相结合的策略,通过预测最近电平逼近调制算法(PNLM)对模块化多电平换流器高压直流输电系统(MMC-HVDC)进行控制.分析了MMC-HVDC在最近电平逼近调制策略下的差分预测模型;考虑了影响虚拟磁链估算精度的各种因素,并采用二阶广义积分虚拟磁链估算方法(DSOGI-QSG)来提高锁相的精度及磁链估算的可靠性;采用PNLM方法减少传统MPC算法的计算量.最后,在PSCAD-EMTDC平台上搭建21电平MMC-HVDC系统以仿真验证上述控制策略.仿真结果表明,该控制策略可以较好地实现有功、无功解耦,有效应对功率变化扰动;可以较好地实现直流侧电压稳定、交流侧电流跟随及相间环流抑制的控制目标.     

基于SOGI的MMC环流抑制方法

基于模块化多电平换流器的柔性直流输电(high voltage direct current based on modular multilevel converter,MMC-HVDC)系统在电力领域已经占据重要地位,但MMC系统存在环流,会增加开关器件和其他元件的额定容量以及系统损耗,严重影响了MMC的工作特性.为抑制环流,分析了MMC环流中包含的主要高次谐波,针对其中的二次和四次谐波,首先设计了基于二阶广义积分器(second order generalized integrator,SOGI)的多谐波滤波器来提取环流中的谐波分量,其次设计了基于准比例谐振(PR)的环流抑制器.最后在PSCAD中建立了21电平MMC-HVDC模型进行仿真实验,结果表明,与传统的环流抑制方法作了对比,所提出的方法能更有效地抑制环流.     

基于离散模型的MMC环流抑制控制器的设计

模块化多电平换流器内部三相环流直接影响MMC的运行特性和系统损耗,为了抑制MMC的内部三相环流,本设计在MMC内部连续数学模型的基础上,采用二倍频负序坐标变换将换流器内部的三相环流分解为d-q旋转坐标系下的直流分量,利用欧拉近似公式建立了MMC内部离散数学模型;在此基础上设计了由坐标变换、离散调节器及反坐标变换环节构成的环流抑制控制器,得到内部环流压降,协同载波移相调制策略,有效抑制了MMC的二倍频环流,减少了桥臂电流的畸变程度,使其逼近正弦波,同时还降低了子模块电容电压的波动幅度;在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下搭建了21电平MMC-HVDC仿真模型,仿真结果表明:本设计中的控制器在不改变MMC外部特性的前提下使二倍频环流的幅值降低了84.27%,能有效抑制MMC内部的二倍频环流,有利于MMC的稳定运行,便于工程实际应用。     

模块化多电平变流器的STATCOM电容电压改进平衡控制研究

模块化多电平变流器(MMC)子模块电容电压的平衡与否严重影响STATCOM对电网无功的补偿效果。文中针对传统PI控制器无法抑制环流对均压效果的影响,根据能量均分原则和电压均衡原则,使用PIR控制器对环流实现无静差调节。首先通过平衡控制器产生对应于每个子模块的参考电压,并结合载波移相调制策略(CPS-SPWM)来修正MMC每个子模块开关器件的调制波,确保各子模块的电容电压维持在一个较小的动态波动范围内,最终使STATCOM对系统具有较好的无功补偿效果。最后,运用MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真软件验证了所提策略具有较好的均压效果。     

基于MMC的PR环流抑制器优化设计

模块化多电平换流器型高压直流输电系统(MMC-HVDC)各桥臂之间存在一定的环流,直接影响系统的稳定性.为了抑制环流,根据环流中二倍频分量特性,首先建立两相旋转坐标系下MMC的环流数学模型,然后设计能够抑制环流的比例谐振控制器(PR controller),并在此基础上增加桥臂电流反馈环节.最终,在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下搭建21电平MMC系统仿真模型,仿真结果表明,优化了PR控制器的性能,提高了系统的稳定性和环流快速抑制能力.     

网压不对称工况下MMC桥臂能量优化控制

为保证模块化多电平换流器安全稳定运行和降低其对子模块电容的需求,针对模块化多电平换流器在网压不对称时出现的各桥臂间能量不平衡以及子模块电容能量波动增加等问题,提出一种适用于网压不对称工况下MMC桥臂能量优化控制策略。该方法在分析网压不对称工况下MMC内部能量变化的基础上,以抑制负序电流为系统控制目标,优化控制MMC桥臂电流各分量,进行相间及同相上下桥臂间能量平衡控制,并采用环流注入控制策略减小子模块电容能量波动,从能量平衡和降低能量波动2个方面优化控制网压不对称工况下MMC内部桥臂能量,实现MMC的安全稳定裕度提升,降低MMC对子模块电容的需求。最后,通过MATLAB/SIMULINK进行仿真验证。研究结果表明:本文所提出的控制策略能有效实现对MMC内部能量变化控制,有助于系统稳定运行。     

模块化多电平变流器输出电流谐波抑制策略

最近电平逼近是模块化多电平逆变器(MMC)常用的调制方法之一,当模块数偏少,或者调制电压过低时,输出电流会产生畸变.从原理上分析了MMC输出电流谐波畸变产生的原因,然后提出了一种抑制MMC输出电流谐波的控制方法.该方法对输出电流进行分频提取后通过PI调节器得到反相谐波电压,最后将反相谐波电压叠加到调制电压上获得总的参考电压.所提出的方法简单可行,易于实现.仿真分析和实验结果表明,采用本文所提出的方法,模块化多电平变流器输出电流的畸变得到较好的抑制.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.