长白山天池火山泥石流分布特征及其形成模式研究

长白山天池火山是我国最具灾害性喷发危险的活动火山,火山泥石流是最致命的火山灾害之一,根据距离火山口远近不同堆积物所展现的不同特征,将长白山天池火山泥石流分为;碎屑流相、过渡相和超富集流相.基于野外剖面对长白山天池火山1 000年大喷发形成的泥石流进行了详细的描述,探讨了火山泥石流的成因和灾害.     

火山活动的环境资源效应

火山活动是一种自然地质现象 ,其喷发活动具有双重的环境效应 .其不利的一面主要表现为对人类环境造成的灾害效应 ,主要有火山碎屑流灾害、熔岩流灾害、火山泥石流灾害、火山灰云灾害和火山气体导致的灾害等 ;同时火山活动也会对气候产生影响 ,大规模的强火山喷发 ,会在一定的时间范围内 ,导致全球平均气温降低 .火山活动会给人类带来巨大的灾难 ,同时也给人类社会带来了巨大的财富 ,如丰富的矿产资源、地热资源和旅游资源等 .本文主要从灾害、气候和资源三个方面阐述了火山活动对人类环境的深刻影响 .     

青海玉树结古泥石流群灾害发育特征分析

为了后期玉树重建建设过程中对泥石流灾害的防治治理,对典型泥石流灾害区域泥石流的特征进行了调查和分析。结果表明:区内泥石流多为小型中易发,补给方式为沟底再搬运,且因侵蚀方式不同,分为沟岸坍塌堆积和人类采石砂料形成废石堆积,堆积厚度均小于1.5 m,岩性多为含砾碎石、粗砂粉砂类亚砂土层。根据泥石流特征和威胁对象,将泥石流危害程度划分为高危险、中危险和低危险3个区。在此基础上对该区域泥石流的发生进行地质预测,并提出了"以拦挡+排导并重、生物工程为辅"的综合治理措施。     

贵州省喀斯特地区泥石流风险评价方法研究——以威宁县穿洞村沟泥石流为例

从泥石流堆积区的形态特征出发,选取喀斯特地区穿洞村沟泥石流流域为典型实例,深入分析了在喀斯特地区其独特的地理特征下,土壤侵蚀为泥石流过程的产生提供了必要的物源条件.笔者结合遥感影像和野外实地调查,利用GIS的空间分析技术,对研究区的堆积区进行了危险区划分,并对所选评价指标进行分级和赋值,从生命和财产损失两方面得到研究区的易损性评价结果.通过叠加分析,最终完成了研究区的泥石流风险评价.评价结果显示,中、高风险区占总面积的71%,且均为人口房屋的密集区,评价结果与实际调查情况相一致,表明此方法适用于喀斯特地区泥石流风险评价,也为该地区的泥石流防治与减灾规划提供了重要参考和依据.     

泥石流堆积区粒度分布及分形结构特征

为研究泥石流堆积物粒度分布及分形结构特征,通过对泥石流堆积区现场调查和颗粒分析试验,采用统计图解法和粒度分维法分析泥石流堆积区堆积特征、粒度分形结构特征及与颗粒级配的关系。结果表明:泥石流堆积区具有集中性的特点;泥石流堆积区颗粒具有很好的分形特征,堆积区中右侧分维值均值与堆积区分维值均值接近;泥石流堆积形成由晚至早分维值逐渐减小;堆积物土粒大小级配连续性较好,分维值与不均匀系数和曲率系数均呈正相关。可见泥石流堆积区粒度的相关研究对研究泥石流形成机理及指导泥石流防治具有重要的意义。     

澜沧江巴迪沟泥石流灾害及防治对策

澜沧江左岸的一级支流巴迪沟,在最近几十年中一共发生过4次较大规模的泥石流.在现场调查分析以及大量的试验结果的基础上,针对泥石流的特征,通过对泥石流物源区、流通区、堆积区的详细调查,对泥石流的成因进行分析.提出针对泥石流沟的防治对策:以设置雨量计等监测预警为主要手段,辅以必要的工程治理措施(挡土墙、排导槽和防护堤),结合...     

基于三参Weibull分布的泥石流降雨动态预警模型

降雨是触发泥石流灾害的重要因素。现有的泥石流预警模型多为半定量的预警,通过划分不同的预警级别来预报灾情,没有做到任意时刻泥石流爆发的定量计算。通过分析文家沟5次大型泥石流灾害的降雨数据,引入泥石流爆发降雨驱动指标RTI并运用三参Weibull分布确定了绵竹市清平镇文家沟泥石流的降雨阈值,提出了计算任意雨量下的泥石流的瞬时发生概率。最后通过Weibull分布结果和泥石流堆积方量的计算值拟合出文家沟泥石流爆发概率和堆积方量的关系。该模型不仅实现了文家沟泥石流灾害的动态定量预警,同时也给出了任意概率下泥石流堆积方量的域值区间。最后以2012.8.13文家沟泥石流事件为例验证了该模型,说明三参Weibull分布可以用于泥石流分析并建立预警模型,可将此法推广到其他地质灾害的分析及预警中。     

藏东南帕隆藏布流域波密县城至索通泥石流堆积扇形成的制约因素与特征

藏东南帕隆藏布流域波密县城至索通村段泥石流灾害频发,河谷两岸形成众多差异明显的泥石流堆积扇,深入研究泥石流堆积扇形成的影响因素对于泥石流灾害的防御具有重要的意义.基于野外现场调查,结合高精度遥感影像解译和1∶50 000地形图,圈定出帕隆藏布流域波密县城至索通村处36条泥石流堆积扇的范围,并总结研究区泥石流堆积扇分布规律:以古乡为分界,古乡以西至波密县城段泥石流堆积扇的密集程度和面积都比古乡以东至索通村段大;在帕隆藏布南北岸上,北岸发育的泥石流堆积扇面积明显比南岸大,且著名的古乡泥石流沟就发育在北岸.在此基础上统计并分析流域面积和主沟纵坡降与泥石流堆积扇的关系:对于帕隆藏布流域,堆积扇面积与流域面积和主沟纵坡降之间存在指数关系,堆积扇面积总体上随流域面积的增大而增大,而随主沟纵坡降的增大而减小.分析堆积区特征中的可容纳空间和主河能量对堆积扇的影响,堆积扇可容纳空间和主河能量分别对堆积扇有限制和破坏作用.     

佛坪县城泥石流危害与防治

以位于秦岭山地的陕西佛坪县城为研究对象,对其泥石流灾害及其防治状况进行研究。研究采用地质灾害防治方法,通过野外考察,即对各条沟泥石流的形成机理、运动和致灾方式等搜集了大量第一手资料,并结合室内分析整理,提出防治措施。认为在实施中应以防为主,防治结合,根据泥石流形成条件、运动规律,致灾方式等因地制宜,因害设防,并结合水土流失治理,改变生态环境,控制泥石流发展。防治中应以工程防治为主,进而达到综合治理,工程措施应在泥石流沟的形成区采取拦档措施,堆积区采用排泄措施,即上栏下排的工程治理,这样才能做到防患于未然。     

雅砻江纤维沟泥石流特征及工程影响评价

纤维沟为雅砻江中游左岸发育的一级支沟,处于深切高山峡谷区,地形坡度陡,沟内岩体风化卸荷严重,崩滑物源沿沟堆积,加之较为丰富的暴雨,使该沟具备泥石流暴发的条件.若纤维沟暴发泥石流,将对沟口扇地卡杨二级公路以及拟建水电站大坝砂石混凝土加工场地产生直接影响.在阐述纤维沟泥石流发育历史的基础上,详细分析其汇水—物源区、流通区和堆积区的特征,对泥石流静动力学参数进行计算,并对其工程影响做出相应评价.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-