环境风影响下直接空冷单元背压预测研究

通过加载冷空气与翅片管换热器内汽轮机排汽凝结换热程序,提出了一种直接空冷单元运行背压的预测方法,并用该方法模拟了环境风影响下空冷单元的运行性能,得到了不同风速和风温下空冷单元的运行背压.计算结果表明:空冷单元风机风量随着环境风速的上升而下降,当环境风速由0m/s上升至12m/s时,风机风量由476.9m3/s下降至328.6m3/s,下降幅度达到20.5%,计算换热量由15.86MW下降至12.45MW,相应的运行背压由21.5kPa上升至62.5kPa;环境风温的变化将改变换热的冷端进口温度,当环境风温由290K上升至306K时,换热量由16.36MW下降至15.43MW,相应的空冷单元运行背压由12kPa上升至25kPa.所提方法为空冷电厂空冷凝汽器运行背压的预测提供了理论基础,对直接空冷电厂的设计具有指导意义.     

应用多孔消能墙改善直接空冷系统换热效率的数值模拟研究

对某2×1 000 MW直接空冷机组进行了空冷系统散热数值模拟。在环境温度38℃下,针对其8 m/s、12 m/s、16 m/s三种环境风速,16种来流风向进行组合进行计算。考察有无十字多孔消能墙两种方案下电厂模型的运行能力。由计算结果可知,十字多孔消能墙能够有效地降低环境风对空气冷凝器不利影响,减少冷凝器底部风机的热回流,从而进一步提高空气冷凝器的换热效率,降低汽轮机的背压。     

环境风速对空冷凝汽器运行性能的影响

通过建立2×600 MW直接空冷电厂的数值模型,采用Fluent软件计算得到了环境风速影响下空冷凝汽器风机的运行规律,并通过加载翅片管换热器内部汽轮机排汽的凝结程序,分析了环境风速对空冷凝汽器换热量的影响机理.计算结果表明:在环境风速的扰动作用下,环境风速由0 m/s上升至12 m/s时空冷凝汽器周围的流场变化使凝汽器总容积效率下降了15.9%,迎风面风机的容积效率下降幅度更是高达43.6%,而空冷凝汽器的换热量也相应地从1 695.2 MW下降至1 418.6 MW.通过分析获得了环境风速对空冷凝汽器运行性能的影响机理,可为空冷电厂运行背压的预测提供参考.     

浅谈直接空冷机组设计背压的选择

直接空冷机组背压的选择是直接空冷机组设计的重要技术问题之一。直接空冷电厂空冷机组设计背压选择,是低是高,不可一概而论。必须充分考虑影响运行背压的多种变化因素,要根据市场经济的要求在空冷系统ITD优化计算时,充分论证煤价的影响,并进行技术、经济比较。以便恰当掌握各种余度,确保空冷机组既安全可靠、经济合理。     

空冷平台提升换热效率装置的监测实验研究

电厂空冷机组的换热效率极易受所处环境风的影响,在其空冷平台下设置智能提升换热效率装置,将空冷平台下方全封闭,通过智能控制系统传感器识别环境风速、风向,根据程序计算由计算机通过执行机构自动完成对风障叶片单元模块的开启,最大限度满足轴流风机进风量,保证热量交换效率。监测加装空冷平台提升换热效率装置对空冷平台换热效率的影响,结果表明在大风条件下,汽轮机运行背压显著降低,稳定在正常背压,在小风条件下,改善了空冷平台周围的流场,背压稍有降低。所得结论空冷平台提升换热效率装置在不同风向下使机组风机平均流量差异不超过设计限额,使风机入口平均温度降低,降低背压,进而使冷凝器换热效率提升,提高发电量及发电的安全性,同时节能减排,大大减少电厂的煤炭消耗,为改善环境风工况下空冷平台性能提高及防风设计提供参考。     

间接空冷系统变工况快速计算模型

以某600 MW机组大型间接空冷系统为对象,分别建立了凝汽器热力计算模型与空冷塔数值计算模型,按照正交实验方法设计了49组工况,通过耦合迭代的方法对机组变工况运行进行了数值模拟,得到了相应的变工况运行特性信息.以所得数值模拟结果为样本,基于最小二乘支持向量机,建立了反映机组变工况运行特性的背压快速计算模型,在机组运行的全工况范围内反映了环境温度、侧风风速和热负荷变化对机组背压的影响.该方法结合了数值模拟方法机理建模的准确性和最小二乘支持向量机良好的泛化能力,计算高效,可为机组经济与安全运行提供连续定量的指导.     

大型电厂2×1000MW机组间接空冷系统环境风影响分析

间接空冷系统作为一种有效的节水型火力发电冷却技术、是我国西北等缺水地区新建采用的主要电厂冷却系统形式之一.间接空冷系统在环境风特别是高温大风条件下的散热能力及变化规律值得深入研究.利用计算流体力学方法,对一个2×1 000MW大型电厂间接空冷系统实例进行了计算.通过对空冷塔及周围速度场温度等流场细节的分析,从经济型和安全性两个方面分析了系统散热能力的变化规律.结果表明,小风条件下间接空冷系统散热能力较好,背压波动幅度很小;大风条件下散热能力迅速恶化,高温大风条件下机组难以满发.     

空冷单排翅片管换热器流动特性数值研究

翅片管换热器作为空冷凝汽器的核心部件,其流动特性对空冷电厂的运行特性具有重要影响。本文建立了单排翅片管换热器的数值计算模型,采用计算流体动力学方法对典型工况下单排翅片管换热器的内部流场进行了数值模拟,得到了不同迎面风速下翅片管换热器的流动特性。计算结果表明:随着迎面风速的不断增大,翅片管换热器内的流动损失不断增大,且5种典型工况下的翅片管换热器流动特性偏差较小,数值模拟结果与实验数据的一致性表明了所建模型的准确性。研究结果对提高空冷凝汽器乃至空冷电站的运行经济性具有重要的参考价值。     

300 MW 直接空冷汽轮机的结构特点

鉴于空冷技术的广泛运用,空冷汽轮机相继投入运行。概述了300MW空冷汽轮机系统结构,并简要对直接空冷原理及流程进行了说明,分析了300MW直接空冷汽轮机与湿冷汽轮机在结构、系统方面的差别,以便为300MW空冷汽轮机的安全运行提供帮助。     

鸳鸯湖电厂一期工程2×660MW机组汽轮机冷端系统优化运行方案

汽轮机冷端系统是火电机组热力系统的重要组成部分,主要作用是维持汽轮机出口背压,并使热力系统实现朗肯循环,其表征参数是排汽背压,系统的效率直接影响了机组的经济性和安全性。由于在单位能耗、排放量等方面有着明显优势,近年来大容量高参数机组在我国得到了快速发展。目前,我国已投运的空冷机组(不论容量大小)在运行过程中普遍存在着汽轮机排汽参数与空冷岛运行参数匹配不能达到最优问题,因此,探索空冷机组冷端系统优化对其经济高效运行具有十分重要的现实指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.