大学新生考试焦虑原因初探

考试焦虑是在大学生中常见的负情绪反应。大学新生因角色、学习内容与方法的变化,学习动机的分化,生理与个性特点,以及家庭、学校、社会环境的压力等诸方面因素的影响,容易产生考试焦虑情绪。     

杏仁核参与情绪记忆的脑功能成像研究述评

脑功能成像技术近年来已应用于情绪记忆的研究,相关的研究结果扩展了依据动物实验所得到的有关结论.作者主要对近年来情绪记忆的编码和提取阶段的脑成像研究进行了综述.研究表明,杏仁核在情绪记忆中的作用不仅局限在巩固阶段,它的作用在编码过程的初期已显示出来,并参与记忆的提取过程.脑区相关和联结模型强调了杏仁核与内侧颞叶等之间的交互作用.已有的研究还表明,刺激类型是影响情绪记忆的重要因素之一.杏仁核还参与对情绪的刺激类型、情绪记忆的生动感和主观性的加工.在今后的研究中将多种神经科学的技术相结合会更深入地揭示情绪记忆的脑机制.     

应激诱导小鼠杏仁核theta波段下调介导焦虑反应

慢性应激能引发诸多情绪行为的改变,诱导产生广义焦虑症、抑郁症、双极紊乱等情绪障碍性疾病。慢性应激首先引起焦虑情绪处理相关核团前额叶-杏仁核-腹侧海马区神经活动的功能性的改变,然后导致这些核团的结构发生改变。慢性应激造成杏仁核基底外侧核的锥体神经元的树突脊数量增多,谷氨酸能神经元的兴奋性投射增强,γ-氨基丁酸能神经元的抑制性投射减弱,导致焦虑样行为症状。由于慢性应激对于这些参与情绪调控的关键核团的神经活动的功能改变尚不明确,所以我们建立小鼠慢性应激的模型,分别在对照鼠和模型鼠的杏仁核基底外侧核及海马CA3区记录局部场电位,分离局部场电位的alpha、beta、delta、theta、gamma波段,分析其局部场电位各个波段的绝对功率和相对功率的差异。结果显示:慢性应激造成小鼠杏仁核基底外侧核的局部场电位在5个脑电波段的绝对功率均具有上调趋势,其中delta波段上调显著;进一步分析局部场电位的相对功率发现,慢性应激造成delta波段的相对功率显著上调,而theta波段的相对功率显著下调。     

个体焦虑与时代焦虑的交光互影——三岛由纪夫怪异美学观的深层心理结构

三岛由纪夫的作品中充斥着人由种种矛盾所诱发的焦虑情绪,精神分析学说将该类情绪反应定义为"神经症症候",而这种症候的出现可能来源于本能意识的积压和社会文化关系对主体的影响等等。     

大学英语课堂中学生紧张和焦虑情绪的原因及对策

紧张和焦虑情绪是学生在英语课堂中常见的现象,它在学生英语学习中起着消极负面的影响和作用。文章旨在探讨学生紧张焦虑情绪产生的原因,并提出相应的对策以降低和消除学生紧张焦虑情绪,进而消除其在学生英语学习中消极负面的影响和作用。     

卒中后焦虑抑郁与康复心理治疗的观察

脑卒中后的患者出现的焦虑、抑郁是最常见的情绪反应,几乎所有的患者都存在焦虑情绪。对患者采取早期的有针对性的心理干预,劲量满足患者的生理、心理上的需要,能有效地减轻焦虑抑郁,解除患者的心理负担,增加患者对疾病的认识和康复的信心,使患者重新认识自己,从而提高生存质量,增强自信心,早日回归社会。     

如何消除负性情绪

在现实生活中,人们难免会遇到人际关系的磨擦,邻里纠纷、恋爱失意、夫妻不和、高考失败、天灾人祸、疾病、亲人故世等种种不幸的生活挫折,有人由此产生烦恼、怨恨、嫉妒、焦虑、悲伤、沮丧、恐惧、愤怒等情绪反应。这些不良的情绪就是负性情绪。旷日持久的负性情绪对人的健康极为不利,首先受影响的是神经系统功能,突然而强烈的紧张情绪冲击,有人会出现精神错乱,行为失常,所谓的反应性精神病大多是这样引起的。有资料表明负性情绪可以使人体内肾上腺素分泌增     

疼痛的意识与意识中的疼痛

 疼痛是长期困扰人类的临床、心理与社会问题。近年来,随着疼痛的神经机制研究的进展,相关研究日益指向疼痛相关的心理学过程。疼痛或对伤害的感受可能较早就出现在进化过程中,并且很久以前就具备了心理和社会属性。大脑从海量的神经冲动中,把伤害性信息以痛觉的方式呈现给意识,并伴随着情绪信息以反映其可能的伤害程度。意识还用类似的方式呈现和处理社会关系方面的伤害。由于生活经历的不同,每个人对痛觉的认知也可能有极大的差异。从心理学和神经科学的角度进一步了解疼痛,可能可以为了解疼痛本质提供依据。     

小鼠杏仁中央核逆向投射的研究

杏仁核作为边缘系统的重要组成部分,与情绪异常的精神疾病相关,而杏仁中央核和基底核在恐惧条件化、动机奖赏、药物成瘾以及颞叶癫痫等疾病中起到重要作用。神经连接是神经元行使功能的生理学基础,近年来嗜神经病毒已经成为方便有效的神经环路示踪技术。本文采用一种新型的狂犬病毒RV,该病毒是一种嗜神经病毒,能在神经中逆向传导,且不跨突触。将该病毒注射到杏仁中央核,7d后取脑组织进行切片观察,发现病毒标记到杏仁核区域,如纹状体、杏仁核基底核、外侧核、前端杏仁核背侧、杏仁核纹状体过渡区,以及皮层各区域。此外还包括丘脑和下丘脑的某些区域。本文研究证明杏仁中央核接收来自很多脑区的广泛、直接的纤维输入,研究结果对于后续杏仁中央核的功能研究具有重要的参考价值。     

社会性疼痛的存在: 来源于生理性疼痛的证据

社会性疼痛是指当个体觉察到自己所渴望的社会联结面临威胁或社会关系遭受贬损时, 所产生的一种特定的情绪情感反应。这一社会认知领域中的新概念属于情感性疼痛的范畴, 与生理性疼痛之间关系紧密。作者以生理性疼痛为基点, 介绍了社会性疼痛的概念、功能、相关心理因素及神经生理机制, 并探讨了未来的研究方向。     

Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events

Commensurate with the importance of rapidly and efficiently evaluating motivationally significant stimuli, humans are probably endowed with distinct faculties and maintain specialized neural structures to enhance their detection. Here we consider that a critical function of the human amygdala is to enhance the perception of stimuli that have emotional significance. Under conditions of limited attention for normal perceptual awareness-that is, the attentional blink-we show that healthy observers demonstrate robust benefits for the perception of verbal stimuli of aversive content compared with stimuli of neutral content. In contrast, a patient with bilateral amygdala damage has no enhanced perception for such aversive stimulus events. Examination of patients with either left or right amygdala resections shows that the enhanced perception of aversive words depends specifically on the left amygdala. All patients comprehend normally the affective meaning of the stimulus events, despite the lack of evidence for enhanced perceptual encoding of these events in patients with left amygdala lesions. Our results reveal a neural substrate for affective influences on perception, indicating that similar neural mechanisms may underlie the affective modulation of both recollective and perceptual experience.     

基于认知机制的情感虚拟人交互技术研究

从情绪认知的角度分析情感虚拟人交互的关键技术,包括情绪认知理论、基于维度空间论的情绪量化和情绪评价,提出并建立了一种情感虚拟人情绪认知模型和动态情感模型。该研究有望解决人机交互中的情感认知、评价和交互机制等问题,为新一代的人机交互模式提供理论指导和技术支持。     

Genetic variation in human NPY expression affects stress response and emotion

Understanding inter-individual differences in stress response requires the explanation of genetic influences at multiple phenotypic levels, including complex behaviours and the metabolic responses of brain regions to emotional stimuli. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is anxiolytic and its release is induced by stress. NPY is abundantly expressed in regions of the limbic system that are implicated in arousal and in the assignment of emotional valences to stimuli and memories. Here we show that haplotype-driven NPY expression predicts brain responses to emotional and stress challenges and also inversely correlates with trait anxiety. NPY haplotypes predicted levels of NPY messenger RNA in post-mortem brain and lymphoblasts, and levels of plasma NPY. Lower haplotype-driven NPY expression predicted higher emotion-induced activation of the amygdala, as well as diminished resiliency as assessed by pain/stress-induced activations of endogenous opioid neurotransmission in various brain regions. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs16147) located in the promoter region alters NPY expression in vitro and seems to account for more than half of the variation in expression in vivo. These convergent findings are consistent with the function of NPY as an anxiolytic peptide and help to explain inter-individual variation in resiliency to stress, a risk factor for many diseases.     

The neural mechanisms of pain-related affect and memory

The pain experience includes a sensory-discriminative and an emotional-affective components. The affective dimension refers to the unpleasantness or aversion of sensation. The great progress at the genetic, molecular, cellular, and systemic levels on the study of the sensory dimension of pain has been made over past four decades. However, “to consider only the sensory features of pain, and ignore its motivational and affective properties, is to look at only part of the problem and not even the most important part of that”. A line of clinic observations indicate that the patients with chronic pain suffer from much more affective disturbance than pain itself. Obviously, physiological arousal and hypervigilance to pain cause negative affect, such as anxiety, anger, worry, aversion, even tendency of suicide, these negative affective states in turn enhance pain sensation. Today, more and more attention has been paid to the study on mechanisms underlying affective dimension of pain. In order to deepen and expand our understanding of the nature of pain, this review summarizes the main progress and recent findings from our laboratory regarding affective component of pain in neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and cell biochemistry.     

基于认知与情感计算的在线学习模式探讨

本文首先引入认知与情感计算在人类学习中的作用。通过对目前常见的在线学习系统的分析,发现即缺乏教师与学生的情感互动,又无法让教师针对学习者的学习情况实施因材施教,没有考虑到教学环节中教学双方的情绪状态对教学的影响。在认知与情感的基础上,结合人类的学习活动及教学活动规律,遵循交互式多媒体课件设计原则与情感化的网络课程设计准则,符合人工心理及学习评价策略,提出具有情感交互能力、个性化教学功能、智能化情绪反应的在线学习模式。     

面向老人迟滞性特征的可信情感计算

根据老人认知心理特征中的迟滞性特征,结合基于Gross认知重评的情感计算模型,考虑迟滞性特征对个体情感状态转移的影响,在认知重评参数的基础上,建立迟滞性因子,对当前情感状态下的认知重评能力进行修正,从而对情感计算模型进行有效的修正,使人机交互更加自然和谐.为了实现情感计算模型的可信,结合现场可编程门阵列硬件平台和高级加密标准密码算法对情感计算模型中的老人情感信息进行加密处理,实现情感计算过程中的数据可信.采用可编程片上系统技术在现场可编程门阵列芯片EP4CE115F29C7中搭建功能实现所需的所有硬件组件,结合硬件组件编写逻辑程序并实现高级加密标准密码算法,在情感计算过程中实现数据的实时传输和安全处理,实现可信的情感计算.最后实验结果表明受到迟滞性特征影响下的情感计算模型与老人的真实情感具有高度一致性,且可信计算有助于提升老人的正向情感状态.     

基于Agent的虚拟人情感交互建模技术研究

虚拟人及其和谐交互技术是当前信息科学和生命科学研究的热点。情感信息处理是人工智能和认知科学研究一直关注,但是始终未能解决的问题;实现和谐人机交互的关键技术在于如何使虚拟人具有人的情感认知、情感响应和情感表达的能力。从计算机信息科学和工程学角度,在分析感觉、知觉两面性、二重构造性的基础上,提出了基于混合Agent的虚拟人情感交互模型。实验表明：该模型符合人类感性信息处理和交互模式。     

目标和干扰刺激不同步的情绪冲突效应研究

采用情绪启动范式，考察了目标和干扰刺激不同步的情况下是否会出现情绪冲突，以及可能造成的特殊效应。结果发现：1）“不同步”的情绪刺激也能导致情绪冲突效应；2）除了情绪冲突现象中存在经典的“冲突调整效应”外，还发现了一类特殊的序列调整效应---试次（trial）间的一致性效应；3）上述效应的出现与否与目标刺激的呈现时间密切相关。该结果表明，刺激的呈现时间是情绪冲突现象中一个重要的变量。     

Brain Emotional Oscillatory Activity for Anger Revealed by Event-Related Spectral Perturbation

In order to find out the special cognitive emotional information to reach good accuracy in the recognition of anger emotions, the brain emotional oscillatory activity induced by relaxation and anger affective pictures is investigated in the amplitude measurement. A visual evoked affective experiment is designed and carried out to collect the electroencephalogram(EEG)data labeled with anger and relaxation emotion states. Twenty-one healthy college students(female 9, male 12) are employed to stimulate emotion by different affective pictures. Event-Related Spectral Perturbation(ERSP) is used to discover the pronounced features of anger tendency prediction in the time-frequency domain. ERSP maps exhibit that there is a difference between the female and male group, which is statistically significant within the 150-250 ms and 350-450 ms time range of alpha band. The male group is more susceptible to anger than female group, while the female group is faster in emotional regulation than the male group.These feature values could be used to identify the tendency of angry emotion, which can provide certain reference basis for further research on the predict the tendency of aggressive behavior.     

Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias

Humans expect positive events in the future even when there is no evidence to support such expectations. For example, people expect to live longer and be healthier than average, they underestimate their likelihood of getting a divorce, and overestimate their prospects for success on the job market. We examined how the brain generates this pervasive optimism bias. Here we report that this tendency was related specifically to enhanced activation in the amygdala and in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex when imagining positive future events relative to negative ones, suggesting a key role for areas involved in monitoring emotional salience in mediating the optimism bias. These are the same regions that show irregularities in depression, which has been related to pessimism. Across individuals, activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex was correlated with trait optimism. The current study highlights how the brain may generate the tendency to engage in the projection of positive future events, suggesting that the effective integration and regulation of emotional and autobiographical information supports the projection of positive future events in healthy individuals, and is related to optimism.