我国财政科技支出结构、效果与问题研究

十一五以来,我国财政科技支出规模快速增长,尤其是地方财政科技支出规模以21.00％的年均增速逐年上升;政府研发支出占财政科技支出的比例近年来呈现出不断下降趋势,但中央本级政府研发经费支出规模占本级科技支出的比例一直维持在70％上下;财政科技支出应用研究和技术研究与开发为主,其中地方财政科技支出以技术研究与开发为主;政府研发经费支出以应用研究和技术研究与开发为主,其中中央本级政府研发支出以应用研究为主,地方政府研发支出以技术研究与开发支出为主.从支出效果看,我国国家创新指数排名自2011年起逐年上升,科技进步贡献率逐步提升,劳动生产率高速增长,经济发展质量不断提升,创新产出数量居世界前列.但是,整体上我国财政科技投入效率仍然较低,政府研发支出规模较低,财政科技支出结构不够合理,区域间财政科技支出差距不断扩大.对此,需要继续提升财政科技投入力度,优化财政科技投入结构,强化投入绩效考评.     

科技在线

2007年上半年安徽省审计厅对归口安徽省科技厅管理的年度应用技术研究与开发资金使用和管理情况的专项审计显示，2004～2006年的3年间，安徽省省级财政每投入1元科技应用技术研究与开发资金，就拉动了全社会R＆D投入50．3元，高出中部六省平均数的52％；三年共争取到科技部科技经费投入4．84亿元，有力地支持了全省的科技进步、科技创新和科技事业自身的发展。     

国务院发布《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006—2020年）》

国务院2006年2月9日发布《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006—2020年）》。纲要确定，到2020年，全社会研究开发投入占国内生产总值的比重提高到2．5％以上，力争科技进步贡献率达到60％以上，对外技术依存度降低到30％以下，本国人发明专利年度授权量和国际科学论文被引用数均进入世界前5位。纲要指出。到2020年，中国科技发展的总体目标是：自主创新能力昆著增强，科技促进经济社会发展和保障国家安全的能力显著增强，为全面建设小康社会提供强有力的支撑；     

企业研究开发项目管理探讨

企业作为科技创新的主体，在国家宏观政策指导下，加快科技创新步伐，加大科学研究开发费用的投入．加强研究开发项目的管理，实现研究开发目标，可以为企业科学、快速发展，提高企业核心竞争力提供重要保障、国家为鼓励企业开展技术创新出台了一系列优惠政策，如《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》，国家税务总局关于印发《企业研究开发费用税前扣除管理办法（试行）》的通知，安徽省科技厅、财政厅、地方税务局《关于印发企业研究开发费用所得税前加计扣除政策具体操作办法的通知》等本文结合工程技术研究中心组建、高新技术企业认定和企业研究开发费用加计扣除等政策规定，对企业研究开发项目的管理工作进行探讨。     

转轨时期俄罗斯政府在技术创新中的地位与作用

在经济转轨国家的转轨初期，处于新旧制度交替阶段．技术创新存在着双重失效问题。科技发展中的“市场失效”主要表现在一些重要的、长远的研究开发项目和基础性的、公益性的研究开发项目很难吸引企业投资，同时，由于短期利益的影响，一些企业也不愿意增加研究开发投入。为此，政府必须保证对基础性、长远性和公益性研究项目的支持。为了增加企业对R＆D的投入．政府常常需要在税收、补贴等方面采取激励措施；为避免市场的扭曲作用．需要健全科技法规和加强政府的引导作用。     

数字

54 2011年上半年,怀柔区高新技术企业保有量达到54家,较2010年增加8家企业。54家高新企业上半年累计实现工业总产值39．6亿元,同比增加11．6亿元,增长41．4％;高新技术企业科技研发投入1．9亿元。同比增长18．8％,申请和授权专利分别为74项和44项,分别同比增长24．3％和36．4％,实施科技项目197项,开发新产品75项。     

改善政府服务职能促进中小企业自主创新

改革开放以来，我国中小型企业的数量迅速增加，在国民经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是，不可否认，大部分企业的技术创新能力还比较薄弱，政府在积极引领中小企业科技创新方面还存在不少需要改进的地方。数据显示，全国中小企业开展科技活动的研究开发支出，仅占企业销售收入的0．56％，甚至还要低得多；只有万分之三的企业拥有自主知识产权，绝大多数中小企业都没有自己的核心技术。     

辽宁将采取五项措施推动科技创新

根据《国家中长期科技发展规划纲要》提出的任务，本者深化浅海、拓展深远海的原则，“十一五”期间．科技部将大幅增加海洋科技投入．将从基础研究、高技术、科技支撑和科技平台建设等方面进行统筹安排和落实。 首先将加强海洋科技平台建设，进一步提高海洋科研能力；其次是实施大型油气田及煤层气开发国家重大科技专项．加强深海油气开发重大关键技术与装备研究开发：再次是要加大对海洋事业发展重大关键问题的科技支撑力度。     

国家技术创新资源配置问题省思

经过多年的发展，我国技术创新资源的投入从数量看已经有了很大增长，研究开发经费支出占国内生产总值的比重已经从最低时的0．48％提高到目前的1.2左右，预计到“十五”末期能够达到1.5%的战略目标。应当看到，目前科技资源配置模式的机制方面仍然存在不少问题。正确认识并妥善解决这些问题已经迫在眉睫。     

提高企业技术中心创新能力的对策研究

当今世界．创新能力已经成为国际竞争力的决定性因素，任何一个强大的国家都有若干具有全球竞争力的企业。资料显示，在发达国家，90％的跨国公司把技术创新作为企业战略的主体内容，超过80％的企业建立了研发中心，大多数企业至少把销售额的5％投入研究开发当中。因此提高自主创新能力，必须强调企业的主体作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-