堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程与机理试验研究

为了分析堰塞坝的溃决过程与机理,进行了堰塞坝漫顶溃决试验.结合堰塞坝的溃口扩展和溃决流量过程,将漫顶溃决过程分为最初的缓慢侵蚀阶段和之后的快速侵蚀阶段.在这个过程中,溃口在纵向上的扩展以陡坎侵蚀的方式推进,而横向上的扩展由土体坍滑失稳引起.坝体漫顶破坏属于冲刷破坏.通过分析陡坎后退过程、冲刷过程及其机理,认为冲刷过程包...     

干密度及细颗粒含量对滑坡坝溃决影响的试验研究

为研究坝体物质组成对滑坡堰塞坝溃决过程的影响,本文针对不同干密度、细颗粒含量,配制8组不同的坝体材料,开展人工堰塞坝的水槽模型试验,分析模型试验中不同坝体材料的浸润线发展过程、纵向侵蚀过程及溃决破坏特征。结果表明：(1)堰塞坝浸润线发展速率随着干密度减小而增大,随着细颗粒含量减小而增大。(2)干密度较小的坝体其溃决历时明显小于干密度较大的坝体,并且干密度较小的坝体其侵蚀速度明显大于干密度较大的坝体;细颗粒含量较大的坝体侵蚀速度慢,溃决达到稳定时的时间更长。(3)随着干密度减小,堰塞坝抗侵蚀能力减弱,易形成冲沟,冲沟两侧壁越早形成悬空面,溃口处易失稳坍塌,溃决持续时间越短;细颗粒含量越大,砂土堰塞坝面抗侵蚀能力越弱,越易形成冲沟,溃口处易多次失稳坍塌,溃决持续时间越长。研究成果不仅深化对堰塞坝灾害的认识,还为进一步揭示外界诱发因素与堰塞坝的内在响应机制提供依据。     

冰崩涌浪作用下的冰湖溃决过程试验研究

冰崩涌浪是导致冰湖溃决的一个主要的诱发因素之一。本文通过水槽模型试验,研究了在冰崩涌浪作用下,不同颗粒级配、坝高、下游坝坡坡度时冰碛坝的溃决过程,主要结论如下：（1）冰碛坝存在漫顶溃决、坝坡失稳、管涌破坏三种溃决模式;（2）根据冰崩涌浪的对坝体的侵蚀效应,结合溃口的纵向演化过程,将冰碛坝的溃决过程划分为涌浪侵蚀阶段（阶段Ⅰ）、库区小扰动溢流侵蚀阶段（阶段Ⅱ）;（3）涌浪过坝后的强水动力条件增加了坝体的侵蚀率,当溃口贯通后,涌浪已基本消散,溃决过程转为为正常的溢流溃决,并且涌浪向坝体提供了高频瞬时荷载,削减了坝体稳定性;（4）从动力学的角度提出了冰碛坝临界溃决条件的判定方法;（5）冰湖溃决洪峰流量与坝高和下游坝坡呈现正相关,与坝体中值粒径（D50）呈现负相关关系。     

堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程数值模拟

根据堰塞坝坝体材料的宽级配特性,建立描述堰塞坝漫顶溃决溃口发展规律与流量过程的数值模型。该模型引入与水流方向垂直的附加作用力来考虑粗颗粒对细颗粒的阻拦和遮蔽作用以及细颗粒对粗颗粒的包围和填实作用。基于不同土体陡水槽冲蚀试验结果,针对宽级配堰塞坝材料在高强度水流侵蚀条件下的冲蚀特性,建议采用能反映坝体材料颗粒级配、密实度、强度、坝体坡度、水流速度及摩阻流速对冲蚀量影响的土体冲蚀公式。利用该数值模型对唐家山堰塞坝溃决案例进行计算分析,所得溃坝洪水流量过程与实测结果接近,验证了该模型和计算方法的合理性,表明该模型能准确反映水库库容和上游补给水流量对堰塞坝漫顶溃决发展过程的影响。     

堰塞坝溃口及洪峰参数模型评估与优化

由滑坡等失稳地质体快速堆积并堵塞河道形成的堰塞坝溃决后会对下游人民生命财产安全造成极大威胁。建立快速准确的溃决参数预测模型，是制定有效防灾减灾措施的必要条件。本文收集了75例包含坝高、库容、溃口峰值流量、坝体冲蚀系数等参数的堰塞坝案例，基于均方根误差、回归相关系数、百分比偏差三个指标对具有代表性的土石坝和堰塞坝参数模型进行评估。通过回归分析建立新的堰塞坝溃口深度预测模型及溃口峰值流量预测模型，将新建模型与现有模型对比，在实际案例中验证了模型的适用性。研究结果表明：现有模型中单参数、双参数及土石坝模型对于堰塞坝溃决参数预测效果不佳，考虑坝体易蚀性的参数模型具有较高准确性，本文所建新模型预测效果有所提升，使用范围更广，预测结果可为堰塞坝的防灾减灾措施提供参考。     

滑坡堰塞坝坝体溃决机理与溃决实验研究综述

相对于人工土石坝,天然形成的滑坡堰塞坝缺少加固、防渗及泄洪等工程措施来稳定堰塞湖水位,坝体结构不稳定、基础资料缺乏,发生的溃决现象具有突发性强、几率高、危险性大、排险处理紧迫的特点,亟需深入系统的研究.作者结合国内外堰塞坝形成及其溃决问题的研究现状,介绍了滑坡堰塞坝与人工土石坝的溃决特性、滑坡堰塞坝的溃决模式及寿命特征,以及滑坡堰塞坝溃决特性的物理模型试验研究、原型观测及大比尺现场试验研究、梯级滑坡堰塞坝溃决特性试验研究进展.最后提出了关于堰塞坝溃决机理、堰塞湖处置、溃决模式、原型及模型试验比尺效应、溃决过程原型监测预警等方面建议的研究方向.     

堰塞坝溃口演化研究进展

近年来,随着全球气候变化与人类活动影响,极端天气现象与自然灾害频发.其中,由地震、暴雨、洪水等诱发的山体滑坡、崩塌或泥石流堵塞河道所形成的堰塞坝(湖)时有发生.堰塞坝因坝体材料构成复杂、结构松散,往往会在短时期内发生溃决,溃决洪水会对下游沿途两岸的工矿企业、城镇、农田、道路、建筑物等造成严重威胁与破坏.目前,溃坝洪水研究的重点和难点仍然是溃口的形成与演化问题,虽然通过大量研究已经取得了不少研究成果,但是,溃口演变机理仍然是未被解决的世界性难题.为此,将着重从溃坝原型观测、物理模型试验、溃口经验公式、溃口数值模拟等方面系统梳理了国内外在溃口演化机理研究上取得的进展,并针对研究中存在的不足提出了今后的研究方向和重点,以便为后续的堰塞坝溃口演化研究提供一定的参考或借鉴.     

泥石流堆积扇堵江溃决过程及堰塞坝堵江概率

结合2020年构林坪溃决型泥石流模拟试验,分析泥石流堵江过程及河流侵蚀能力,提出堵江堰塞坝堵江概率判别标准,为泥石流堰塞坝工程治理提供参考.重新定义颗粒的面积相关形状系数及体积相关形状系数,可应用于各类不规则形体.从颗粒粒度角度得出泥石流堆积“粗颗粒物质快速移动沉积-细颗粒物质慢速被侵蚀”的特征;从堰塞坝堵江过程角度得出“堆积扇逐层沉积-河流薄弱侵蚀”特征;从沉积侵蚀速率角度得到构林坪流域堵江阈值,且当泥石流颗粒粒度较细时,泥石流沉积速率对该阈值的影响将显著提高,粒度较粗时,以河流侵蚀速率为主要因素.     

我国堰塞湖溃坝特点及其防治

堰塞坝是一种未经人工碾压夯实的天然土石坝,主要由于降雨、地震等引起山体滑坡、崩塌堵塞河道所致。堰塞坝由于快速堆积形成,其坝体结构一般较为松散,基本没有胶结,在渗透水压力作用下易溃决。堰塞坝一旦溃决,将导致大量的洪水短时间内下泄,溃决产生的洪水或泥石流拥有巨大的能量,能够冲走房屋、牲畜、庄稼,给下游人民的生命财产带来巨大威胁,同时影响下游的自然生态。掌握堰塞坝的溃决机理,提前预测溃坝的发生,对于合理组织堰塞坝的治理和下游人民的转移具有重大意义。     

不同推移质输沙模型在溃坝洪水模拟中的对比分析

溃坝洪水模拟分析中,溃口的侵蚀过程对溃口展宽和洪峰流量有直接影响,决定溃坝洪水模拟的准确性.在对圆弧滑裂面溃口展宽模型简化的基础上,将16组推移质输沙方程换算为侵蚀率,发现基于经验输沙方程的"侵蚀率—剪应力"均呈指数形式.结合唐家山堰塞湖溃决过程,对比多组经验输沙方程和指数形式的侵蚀率模型对溃坝洪水分析的影响,结果表明,采用Einstein-Brown(1950)输沙方程和指数模型中a=5,b=1.3时,模拟结果与实测资料较为相符,验证了指数模型的可行性,并通过参数率定指数模型可替代经验输沙模型.但指数模型中b值对计算结果极为敏感,甚至会导致计算不收敛,因此基于土石料最大可能冲刷率的概念提出双曲线模型,解决了这一问题,对准确模拟土石坝和堰塞坝的溃决提供一定的参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-