特大断面隧道倒T型掏槽爆破研究与应用

提出特大断面隧道倒T型掏槽爆破方法,并分析了该方法的爆破原理.以龙南隧道为工程背景,利用数值模拟对比分析了现场单楔形掏槽爆破方法与倒T型掏槽爆破方法的爆破效果,并将倒T型掏槽爆破方法运用到工程实践.研究结果表明:在掏槽爆破作用下,距炮孔底部1/4位置处爆破形成的破碎范围最大,当掏槽孔爆破时该位置受爆破作用影响最大;倒T型掏槽爆破成腔体积大于单楔形掏槽爆破成腔体积.除自由面附近的单元外,倒T型掏槽爆破作用下单元有效应力约为单楔形掏槽方式爆破作用下同一位置单元有效应力的4倍.在自由面附近,两种掏槽方式爆破产生的有效应力接近.现场试验炮孔利用率平均为90.2%,炸药单耗由试验前的0.78 kg/m~3降低到0.75 kg/m~3,光面爆破效果提高,加快了现场施工进度,节约了施工成本.     

9孔桶形掏槽一次成井技术

 为解决一次成井中天井断面小、深度低的问题,提出9孔桶形掏槽一次成井技术。通过对掏槽爆破机理研究,选取了4空孔掏槽方式,装药孔与空孔直径分别为0.11、0.25m,掏槽孔与空孔间距0.46m等爆破成井主要参数。采用非线性动力分析软件LS-DYNA对9孔桶形掏槽一次成井的关键—掏槽过程进行了数值模拟,实现了9孔桶形掏槽槽腔成形过程的可视化。模拟结果表明,成井参数选取合理,主掏槽孔能与空孔有效贯透形成“莲花形”槽腔,副掏槽孔能以“莲花形”槽腔为自由面进一步扩大槽腔。最后在理论分析和数值模拟基础上,以某露天矿为工程实例,对所取参数进行现场实验,一次爆破形成了23.4m天井,天井断面4m×4m,证明数值模拟结果准确,该技术在深孔一次成井中可行。     

单楔形掏槽爆破腔体时空演化及应用

为改善矿山巷道掘进掏槽爆破现状,采用AUTO CAD与ANSYS联合建模技术构建垂直单楔形掏槽爆破数值模型,运用显式动力分析软件LS-DYNA定义岩石单元失效获得掏槽腔体扩展演化过程。通过多方位剖视掏槽腔体,从时空演化角度研究垂直单楔形掏槽在铜坑矿阶段运输巷道掘进工程中的适用性。研究结果表明:AUTO CAD与ANSYS联合建模技术可克服ANSYS对于复杂模型构建的缺点,实现巷道掏槽精细化数字建模;定义岩石单元失效使得掏槽腔体演化过程更直观,整体上形成双向主次的喇叭状掏槽腔体结构,腔体空间上X和Y向呈三角形分布,Z向不同段表现出不同的形态;应力波叠加作用对孔底附近掏槽腔体形状影响显著,靠近掌子面附近腔体形态主要受炮孔空间布置方式影响,为提高爆破的效果,辅助爆破可以适当倾斜布置;垂直单楔形掏槽体积比直孔桶形掏槽体积明显增大,其有效掘进进尺2 m,效率比达91%;辅助孔与掏槽孔起爆时间应控制在毫秒级范围内。     

倾斜煤层厚层坚硬顶板条件下 沿空留巷关键参数

为了确定倾斜煤层厚层坚硬顶板条件下的合理预裂爆破切顶卸压参数,通过理论计算和数值模拟,在切顶预裂爆破深度为4.0,5.0,5.5,6.0,8.0 m 及切顶角度为 0°,5°,10°,15°,20°时,对巷道顶板的垂直应力分布和巷道顶板垂直位移进行分析.试验结果表明:考虑经济成本,最优切缝深度为5.5 m;当预裂切顶角度为10°时,能有效切落采空区侧顶板,并且巷内围岩压力的卸压效果较为明显;根据聚能管直径确定切顶卸压爆破孔直径为55 mm,根据理论计算和数值模拟确定切顶卸压爆破孔间距为600 mm.将所得结果应用于柏林煤矿-2446(K26)综采工作面,可以保证该综采工作面的安全高效开采.     

栗木山隧道层状硬岩掘进控制爆破技术

岩体中的节理会造成爆炸应力波的耗散和泄露,从而影响爆破效果。平罗高速栗木山隧道围岩以Ⅲ、Ⅳ级为主,岩层中厚层状、质地坚硬,因水平节理的影响施工过程中易出现炮孔利用率低、周边超欠挖现象。通过采用楔形加直眼混合掏槽形式、合理布置炮孔、控制单孔装药量、周边孔采用空气间隔装药结构等措施,增强掏槽爆破能量而控制周边孔、二圈眼的装药量,减少了节理面附近的岩体过度破坏;同时严格按设计爆破图表施工,提高了炮孔利用率和光面爆破半孔率,研究取得了良好的爆破效果。     

高应力隧道爆破研究现状与展望

在山区开展路网建设时,常需以隧道的方式穿越不同海拔的高山或丘陵,以致掌子面围岩处于不同的地应力条件。目前,我国山地隧道的掘进仍以钻爆法为主,而深部高应力隧道爆破开挖时,往往存在破岩效果差、炮眼利用率低、超欠挖严重、围岩损伤大等问题,严重影响深部隧道的安全高效施工。本文首先介绍我国深埋高地应力隧道工程的分布及建设情况,分析隧道爆破破岩机理,并从裂纹扩展、卸载扰动、爆破损伤及爆破振动等方面,探讨高应力岩体的爆破响应特征。随后,从掏槽爆破、轮廓光面爆破及爆破振动控制3个方面归纳我国高应力隧道爆破技术发展现状。最后,从爆破力学基础理论、爆破参数的动态调整、钻爆智能一体化、地应力的调整与利用及爆破灾害的评估与防治技术5个角度对高应力隧道爆破技术的发展进行展望。     

中硬岩深孔直眼掏槽爆腔形成机理比较

在中硬岩隧道爆破中,掏槽爆破方式对后续爆破效果起着至关重要的作用。本文从八孔直眼掏槽、五星掏槽两种掏槽方式入手,利用ANSYS/LS_DYNA显式动力有限元软件,比较此两种直眼掏槽方式在爆破不同时刻、不同截面的爆腔及裂隙面积,得出五星掏槽在中硬岩深孔掏槽爆破中形成的爆腔优于直眼掏槽的结论。     

坚硬岩层巷道掘进合理掏槽方法的研究与应用

针对坚硬岩层巷道掘进中存在爆破效率较低的问题,在会理县兴隆矿业矿山坚硬岩层巷道开挖中进行爆破试验,对混合掏槽、单螺旋形掏槽和正矩形掏槽三种掏槽方式进行分析研究,得到各种不同掏槽形式的爆破试验效果,选取最为合理的掏槽方法和爆破参数.试验表明,采用单螺旋形掏槽的布孔方式,平均循环进尺达到1.7 m,炮孔利用率大于85%,提高了巷道的掘进速度和成巷质量.试验成果可供其他类似工程参考.     

掏槽方式对光面爆破效果的影响研究

基于光面爆破施工方法,设计了甘肃北山坑探设施项目光面爆破的爆破参数。进而,着重研究了掌子面掏槽方式对光面爆破效果的影响。针对相同的地质条件、围岩及爆破耗材条件下,分别设计了直眼掏槽、单楔形掏槽、双楔形掏槽共计三种掏槽方式。进一步地实施了在不同掏槽方式下光面爆破的施工,获得了直眼掏槽方式更有利于爆破的硐室成型;而单楔形和双楔形掏槽更有利于岩石的破碎及岩渣抛掷。同时,需指出的是,钻爆施工涵盖多种不同的爆破参数,影响因素众多,此爆破试验获取的爆破数据仅仅是对不同掏槽方式的初步探索。研究可对后续工程开挖提供相应的试验数据与理论支撑,其对于深部地下工程的爆破开挖及高放废物的深地质处置,有一定的理论指导意义。     

光面爆破技术在某高速公路隧道工程中的应用

结合工程实例,主要针对某高速公路隧道工程中的围岩光面爆破施工工艺和参数进行了阐述,并对围岩特性及岩脉情况、精确计算装药量、合理布置炮眼位置、采用复式楔形掏槽方式取得了较好的效果,供同行参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to