潮汐转矩对转动恒星结构和演化的影响研究

潮汐效应是影响恒星结构和演化非常重要的物理因素.本文研究了影响潮汐转矩系数E_2的三个理论模型.根据转动恒星中的角动量传输和元素扩散方程,给出了潮汐转矩系数E_2对转动恒星内部结构和元素混合的影响.结果表明:潮汐转矩系数E_2与恒星质量、金属丰度、演化时间有密切关系.潮汐转矩系数E_2越大,双星系统轨道角动量转化为子星自转角动量和自转角动量在恒星内部传输的效率越高.强潮汐转矩造成恒星表面有较大的氦和氮元素的超丰和对流核质量,使恒星具有较高的光度.然而,对比模型M1和M3,充分的转动混合效应可以降低元素的不透明度和辐射温度梯度,压制转动动力学效应造成的辐射温度梯度的增加,使恒星中心对流核减少.强潮汐产生的转动混合效应使氢元素丰度和数密度增加,增强氢燃烧效率,提高中心核温度,使恒星膨胀,具有较大的转动惯量.因此,研究潮汐效应对元素混合效应的影响,对密近双星的演化具有重要意义.     

星风物质损失率对大中质量转动恒星演化的影响

文章采用四个不同星风物质损失率公式,计算了5M⊙和15M⊙转动恒星的演化。通过对演化结果的比较发现：星风物质损失率的大小对大质量转动恒星演化的影响比对中质量恒星的影响要大;星风作用越大,恒星在HR图中的演化轨迹向低光度方向移动;而且较大的物质损失率降低了恒星内部CNO循环的反应速率,从而延长了恒星的演化寿命,并影响到恒星内部的密度和温度等各个物理量。     

CP型恒星的磁场产生机制

应用ｐ－ω发电机模型,对一类特殊恒星（ＣＰ星）的磁场产生机制进行讨论,结果显示,用此理论求出的磁场解及其得到的天体表面磁场结构与观测结果相似,这表明所采用的发电机模型适合此类天体磁场的产生和维持。     

低压大电流车载发电机改善换向研究

为了解决低压大电流车载发电机换向困难和火花等级高的问题,采用非均布和非对称磁极结构、加装非均匀换向极、嵌下具有均压作用的单波绕组和倾斜电刷等措施,以降低换向区磁场和换向电势.应用电磁场有限元方法对车载发电机进行空载和负载内部磁场分析与计算,研究电机内磁力线的分布和气隙磁场波形,结果表明:尽管主磁极极靴和主磁极在空间是不等距分布的,但是主磁极所建立的气隙磁场仍然是对称和均布的,可确保提供适合机电能量转换的媒介空间;通过对比有换向极作用和没有换向极作用时电机内磁场分布和气隙磁场波形,换向极起到了降低换向区磁感应强度的作用,特别是对换向区磁场的细化分析和展示,发现有换向极作用时,换向电势平均降低了42.3％,即有明显改善换向的效果,火花实验也说明换向得到了改善.设计方案可以改善发电机换向条件,降低火花等级,抑制电磁干扰,有利于提高车载电气系统运行稳定性、可靠性和安全性;研究结果为低压大电流车载发电机研制提供技术支持.     

疏散星团：解锁银河系形成与演化之谜

<正>疏散星团的研究领域一直备受学术界青睐,人们对疏散星团的研究已经有超过百年的历史。其对于深刻理解星系演化、宇宙学和恒星形成等多个方面具有重要意义。这些星团内部的恒星不仅参与了星系结构的组建,同时也是宇宙中重子物质的重要构成成分。甚至,我们可以追溯到太阳系的形成,它也是在一个疏散星团内诞生的。     

转动恒星引力昏暗效应及演化研究

转动和潮汐效应是影响恒星结构和演化非常重要的物理因素。根据Achernar的观测数据,用考虑转动和潮汐效应的单、双星模型,研究了Achernar引力昏暗现象。发现转动双星模型比单星模型更能符合Achernar的赤道和极半径之比观测值。计算结果表明,初始转动角速度快的恒星,其等价半径和中心密度在主序阶段的开始至40 M yr较大,随后变小。同时,由于初始转动角速度大的恒星,星风携带自转角动量损失多,造成后期演化角速度变小。另外,转动效应能增加恒星的中心集中度,但减少恒星的四极矩、回旋半径、中心温度、氢燃烧产能率,使转动恒星向赫罗图的低温和低光度演化。     

转动潮汐变形双星表面重力加速度的数值模拟

转动和潮汐效应是影响双星结构演化非常重要的物理因素。在转动双星系统中,根据考虑转动潮汐变形的高阶扰动势数值计算了主星表面的重力加速度的分布,并与洛希模型计算的表面重力加速度分布做了对比。结果发现:转动和潮汐对恒星表面的重力加速度的大小和分布有重要影响,采用本文中的初始参数进行演化计算,最大影响可达到103～104 cm/s2。因此在讨论恒星结构和演化时,转动和潮汐变形是不可忽略的重要因素。     

风力机发电

正风电场建设完成后,接下来要做的便是发电与传输。在发电机的内部有定子和转子,固定的部分叫做定子,其上安装了成对的主磁极,由直流电励磁给发电机提供工作磁场;旋转部分叫做转子,其上安装了电线绕组。风轮捕获的动力通过轴承传送到发电机的转子上。发电机的工作原理是电磁感应。因为转子与定子的相对运动,即产生电场和磁场的相对运动,引起线圈磁通量发生变化造成了电动势,这是发电机发     

金属丰度和对流超射对恒星演化影响的初步探讨

文章采用了pd90程序模拟了5 M⊙的恒星,在主序和主序后的演化情况。并且根据其程序给出的计算结果,绘出了5 M⊙恒星的赫罗图。选择金属丰度和对流超射的不问参数,形成六条赫罗图线。在赫罗图中,对5 M⊙的恒星其金属丰度和对流超射对恒星演化的影响进行讨论。从赫罗图中的lgL/L⊙和lgTeff,与演化时间序列图,可以直观的得出金属丰度和对流超射变化对恒星演化的影响。     

磁流体发电机的电流饱和现象研究

磁流体发电是一种高效,低污染的发电技术,同时也是一种较为复杂的技术。文中提出了以法拉第电场输出电功率的磁流体发电机中电流在一定磁场范围内会产生饱和现象,这就是影响其性能的一个新因素,解释了其产生的原因,提出了临界磁场理论,并推导了相应的临界磁场的普适方程式。饱和现象及临界磁场的提出,给研究磁流体发电机的工作人员在研究通道性能问题上提供了新的思路,尤其是在超导磁体在磁流体发电机上的应用问题上的研究。     

An impact-driven dynamo for the early Moon

The origin of lunar magnetic anomalies remains unresolved after their discovery more than four decades ago. A commonly invoked hypothesis is that the Moon might once have possessed a thermally driven core dynamo, but this theory is problematical given the small size of the core and the required surface magnetic field strengths. An alternative hypothesis is that impact events might have amplified ambient fields near the antipodes of the largest basins, but many magnetic anomalies exist that are not associated with basin antipodes. Here we propose a new model for magnetic field generation, in which dynamo action comes from impact-induced changes in the Moon's rotation rate. Basin-forming impact events are energetic enough to have unlocked the Moon from synchronous rotation, and we demonstrate that the subsequent large-scale fluid flows in the core, excited by the tidal distortion of the core-mantle boundary, could have powered a lunar dynamo. Predicted surface magnetic field strengths are on the order of several microteslas, consistent with palaeomagnetic measurements, and the duration of these fields is sufficient to explain the central magnetic anomalies associated with several large impact basins.     

Convective-region geometry as the cause of Uranus' and Neptune's unusual magnetic fields

The discovery of Uranus' and Neptune's non-dipolar, non-axisymmetric magnetic fields destroyed the picture--established by Earth, Jupiter and Saturn--that planetary magnetic fields are dominated by axial dipoles. Although various explanations for these unusual fields have been proposed, the cause of such field morphologies remains unexplained. Planetary magnetic fields are generated by complex fluid motions in electrically conducting regions of the planets (a process known as dynamo action), and so are intimately linked to the structure and evolution of planetary interiors. Determining why Uranus and Neptune have different field morphologies is not only critical for studying the interiors of these planets, but also essential for understanding the dynamics of magnetic-field generation in all planets. Here we present three-dimensional numerical dynamo simulations that model the dynamo source region as a convecting thin shell surrounding a stably stratified fluid interior. We show that this convective-region geometry produces magnetic fields similar in morphology to those of Uranus and Neptune. The fields are non-dipolar and non-axisymmetric, and result from a combination of the stable fluid's response to electromagnetic stress and the small length scales imposed by the thin shell.     

A fossil origin for the magnetic field in A stars and white dwarfs

Some main-sequence stars of spectral type A are observed to have a strong (0.03-3 tesla), static, large-scale magnetic field, of a chiefly dipolar shape: they are known as 'Ap stars', such as Alioth, the fifth star in the Big Dipper. Following the discovery of these fields, it was proposed that they are remnants of the star's formation, a 'fossil' field. An alternative suggestion is that they could be generated by a dynamo process in the star's convective core. The dynamo hypothesis, however, has difficulty explaining high field strengths and the observed lack of a correlation with rotation. The weakness of the fossil-field theory has been the absence of field configurations stable enough to survive in a star over its lifetime. Here we report numerical simulations that show that stable magnetic field configurations, with properties agreeing with those observed, can develop through evolution from arbitrary, unstable initial fields. The results are applicable equally to Ap stars, magnetic white dwarfs and some highly magnetized neutron stars known as magnetars. This establishes fossil fields as the natural, unifying explanation for the magnetism of all these stars.     

Dynamos in asymptotic-giant-branch stars as the origin of magnetic fields shaping planetary nebulae

Planetary nebulae are thought to be formed when a slow wind from the progenitor giant star is overtaken by a subsequent fast wind generated as the star enters its white dwarf stage. A shock forms near the boundary between the winds, creating the relatively dense shell characteristic of a planetary nebula. A spherically symmetric wind will produce a spherically symmetric shell, yet over half of known planetary nebulae are not spherical; rather, they are elliptical or bipolar in shape. A magnetic field could launch and collimate a bipolar outflow, but the origin of such a field has hitherto been unclear, and some previous work has even suggested that a field could not be generated. Here we show that an asymptotic-giant-branch (AGB) star can indeed generate a strong magnetic field, having as its origin a dynamo at the interface between the rapidly rotating core and the more slowly rotating envelope of the star. The fields are strong enough to shape the bipolar outflows that produce the observed bipolar planetary nebulae. Magnetic braking of the stellar core during this process may also explain the puzzlingly slow rotation of most white dwarf stars.     

An 84-microG magnetic field in a galaxy at redshift z = 0.692

The magnetic field pervading our Galaxy is a crucial constituent of the interstellar medium: it mediates the dynamics of interstellar clouds, the energy density of cosmic rays, and the formation of stars. The field associated with ionized interstellar gas has been determined through observations of pulsars in our Galaxy. Radio-frequency measurements of pulse dispersion and the rotation of the plane of linear polarization, that is, Faraday rotation, yield an average value for the magnetic field of B approximately 3 microG (ref. 2). The possible detection of Faraday rotation of linearly polarized photons emitted by high-redshift quasars suggests similar magnetic fields are present in foreground galaxies with redshifts z > 1. As Faraday rotation alone, however, determines neither the magnitude nor the redshift of the magnetic field, the strength of galactic magnetic fields at redshifts z > 0 remains uncertain. Here we report a measurement of a magnetic field of B approximately 84 microG in a galaxy at z = 0.692, using the same Zeeman-splitting technique that revealed an average value of B = 6 microG in the neutral interstellar gas of our Galaxy. This is unexpected, as the leading theory of magnetic field generation, the mean-field dynamo model, predicts large-scale magnetic fields to be weaker in the past rather than stronger.     

A deep dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field

Mercury has a global magnetic field of internal origin and it is thought that a dynamo operating in the fluid part of Mercury's large iron core is the most probable cause. However, the low intensity of Mercury's magnetic field--about 1% the strength of the Earth's field--cannot be reconciled with an Earth-like dynamo. With the common assumption that Coriolis and Lorentz forces balance in planetary dynamos, a field thirty times stronger is expected. Here I present a numerical model of a dynamo driven by thermo-compositional convection associated with inner core solidification. The thermal gradient at the core-mantle boundary is subadiabatic, and hence the outer region of the liquid core is stably stratified with the dynamo operating only at depth, where a strong field is generated. Because of the planet's slow rotation the resulting magnetic field is dominated by small-scale components that fluctuate rapidly with time. The dynamo field diffuses through the stable conducting region, where rapidly varying parts are strongly attenuated by the skin effect, while the slowly varying dipole and quadrupole components pass to some degree. The model explains the observed structure and strength of Mercury's surface magnetic field and makes predictions that are testable with space missions both presently flying and planned.     

The alignment of molecular cloud magnetic fields with the spiral arms in M33

The formation of molecular clouds, which serve as stellar nurseries in galaxies, is poorly understood. A class of cloud formation models suggests that a large-scale galactic magnetic field is irrelevant at the scale of individual clouds, because the turbulence and rotation of a cloud may randomize the orientation of its magnetic field. Alternatively, galactic fields could be strong enough to impose their direction upon individual clouds, thereby regulating cloud accumulation and fragmentation, and affecting the rate and efficiency of star formation. Our location in the disk of the Galaxy makes an assessment of the situation difficult. Here we report observations of the magnetic field orientation of six giant molecular cloud complexes in the nearby, almost face-on, galaxy M33. The fields are aligned with the spiral arms, suggesting that the large-scale field in M33 anchors the clouds.     

无对流区天体中的发电机效应

根据等离子体湍动波发电机方程，应用球坐标系统，得到了一组标量发电机方程。考虑各种不同的旋转情况，得到了不同的分析解，不论旋转角速是否均匀，对流是否存在，ｐ－ｗ发电机总能产生作用。较差自转的存在将增强发电机的作用，运用这种发电机模型能够解释所观测的无对流天体的磁场。     

Two stellar components in the halo of the Milky Way

The halo of the Milky Way provides unique elemental abundance and kinematic information on the first objects to form in the Universe, and this information can be used to tightly constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution. Although the halo was once considered a single component, evidence for its dichotomy has slowly emerged in recent years from inspection of small samples of halo objects. Here we show that the halo is indeed clearly divisible into two broadly overlapping structural components--an inner and an outer halo--that exhibit different spatial density profiles, stellar orbits and stellar metallicities (abundances of elements heavier than helium). The inner halo has a modest net prograde rotation, whereas the outer halo exhibits a net retrograde rotation and a peak metallicity one-third that of the inner halo. These properties indicate that the individual halo components probably formed in fundamentally different ways, through successive dissipational (inner) and dissipationless (outer) mergers and tidal disruption of proto-Galactic clumps.     

An early lunar core dynamo driven by thermochemical mantle convection

Although the Moon currently has no internally generated magnetic field, palaeomagnetic data, combined with radiometric ages of Apollo samples, provide evidence for such a magnetic field from approximately 3.9 to 3.6 billion years (Gyr) ago, possibly owing to an ancient lunar dynamo. But the presence of a lunar dynamo during this time period is difficult to explain, because thermal evolution models for the Moon yield insufficient core heat flux to power a dynamo after approximately 4.2 Gyr ago. Here we show that a transient increase in core heat flux after an overturn of an initially stratified lunar mantle might explain the existence and timing of an early lunar dynamo. Using a three-dimensional spherical convection model, we show that a dense layer, enriched in radioactive elements (a 'thermal blanket'), at the base of the lunar mantle can initially prevent core cooling, thereby inhibiting core convection and magnetic field generation. Subsequent radioactive heating progressively increases the buoyancy of the thermal blanket, ultimately causing it to rise back into the mantle. The removal of the thermal blanket, proposed to explain the eruption of thorium- and titanium-rich lunar mare basalts, plausibly results in a core heat flux sufficient to power a short-lived lunar dynamo.