高压注气过程中沥青质沉淀机理及规律的实验研究

提出了一种新的注气开采过程中沥青质的沉淀机理，该机理可定性解释及预测高压注气过程中沥青质的沉淀规律。在高压沥育质沉淀实验装置上，利用间接测定法测定了CO2注入摩尔分数分别为0．636和0．716时吉林油藏原油中沥青质沉淀量随体系压力的变化规律，并测定了22．2MPa下70℃时江苏原油中沥青质沉淀量随CO2及富烃气注气浓度的变化规律。实验结果表明，在注气过程中两种原油易发生沥育质沉淀。吉林油藏原油中的沥青质沉淀量随体系压力的升高呈先增后降的规律；当体系温度和压力一定时，江苏原油中的沥青质沉淀量先随着CO2注入浓度的增加而增加，达到一最高值后略有降低；对注富烃气而言，沥青质沉淀量随注气浓度增加而增加，且注气摩尔分数大于0.80后增加幅度增大。     

CO2驱油中沥青质沉积条件及对驱油效果影响的研究

在模拟榆树林油田地层条件下,通过高压物性及CO2驱油实验,研究了注CO2后沥青质的沉积条件,并对沥青质沉积对CO2驱油效果的影响进行了分析。结果表明:在地层温度(108℃)下,注气压力达到28.4 MPa时可明显出现沥青质沉积。随着温度增加,形成沥青质沉积的压力增加,沥青质沉积的程度增加;随CO2注入压力的增加,沥青质沉积量增加,原油中的沥青质含量降低,胶质、芳烃、饱和烃含量增加;达到28 MPa后沥青质沉积量逐渐减少,采出油中沥青质含量增加。沥青质沉积使采收率降低12.29%以上,在(25—28)MPa时采收率降低幅度最大。     

油气藏流体-CO2体系相行为的实验测定与计算

利用高压相平衡实验装置 ,对某油田F6 6A井和F30井的原油在油藏温度下注入不同量的CO2 (注入CO2 与油藏流体的摩尔比为 0～ 2 .0 0 )时的PVT关系进行了测定 ,共取得PVT数据点 16 5个 ,泡点压力点和体积系数点各 11个。实验结果表明 ,由于原始油样的组分结构和组成不同 ,其注气体系相行为有较大的不同。F6 6A井油藏原油的饱和 (泡点 )压力随着CO2 注入量的增加近似呈线性增加 ,而F30井的饱和压力和CO2 注入量之间呈二次曲线关系 ,上升速度比F6 6A井缓慢 ,注气体系的体积系数的增加速度与CO2 注入量近似呈直线关系。对油藏流体中各组分进行适当组合合并为假组分后 ,用PR和SRK状态方程对所测注CO2 原油体系的相行为进行了预测。结果表明 ,PR状态方程的预测精度优于SRK方程 ,但两者均不能用于计算高CO2 注入量时油藏流体的相行为     

草舍油田CO2驱中沥青质沉淀分析及防治措施

CO2驱油容易引发地层原油中的沥青质沉淀,使渗透率降低、润湿性反转,造成地层伤害,降低注气采油效率。针对草舍油田泰州组油藏CO2驱实际,开展了CO2混相驱过程中沥青质沉淀条件、沉淀机理及其危害的研究,探讨了CO2注入参数与沥青质沉淀的热力学关系,获取了沥青质沉积前缘与注气前缘一致,在注入端、泡点压力附近沥青质沉淀最多,低驱替压差比高驱替压差对应的沥青质沉淀量高的实验结论。利用P-X相图表征第二液相与沥青质沉淀的关系,建立了油气多次接触过程中沥青质沉淀的相态预测模型,指出较低的CO2注入压力和较高的驱替压差或注入芳烃类溶剂有利于减少沥青质在近井地带沉淀,提高CO2驱替增油效果。     

注CO2油气藏流体体系油/水和油/气界面张力实验研究

采用高压界面张力装置测定了某油田在油藏温度下，原油中不同CO2注入量时油藏流体／地层水的界面张力，并考察了压力的影响。实验发现，随着原油中CO2注入量的增加，油藏流体／地层水界面张力不断减小。相同CO2注入量时，随着压力升高，油藏流体／地层水界面张力增大；当CO2摩尔分数达到0．650时，测得的油藏流体／地层水界面张力随压力的升高已变化很小，同时，从测得的PVT关系中也已很难分辨出泡点压力，体系接近一次接触混相的状态。当CO2摩尔分数为0．578时，油藏流体／CO2界面张力随着压力的升高而降低。研究表明，对某油井采用注CO2降低油藏流体／地层水、油藏流体／CO2间的界面张力的方法是可行的，注CO2方法在降低界面张力的同时，还增加了地层压力，对提高油井的采收率有利。     

致密砂岩油藏CO2驱替沥青质沉积及储层伤害特征

CO2注入原油后产生的沥青质沉积会引发储层伤害并严重影响致密油藏开发效果.以鄂尔多斯盆地HQ油田B153区块为例,通过开展不同注气压力下的岩心驱替在线核磁扫描实验,在排除矿物沉积的影响下,分别从CO2驱替前后沥青质沉积量、渗透率伤害率和孔喉堵塞率三个方面研究沥青质在岩心中的沉积特征,评价不同注气压力下沥青质沉积对储层的伤害程度.结果表明,随着CO2注入压力上升,CO2溶解和抽提萃取能力增强,CO2突破时间延迟,原油采收率大幅度提高.但当注气压力高于最小混相压力(MMP)时,原油采收率增加幅度减小.沥青质沉淀量和渗透率伤害率随注入压力的升高而不断增加,但当驱替方式由近混相(20 MPa)向混相(24 MPa)过渡时,沥青质沉淀量和渗透率伤害率增加幅度最大,且小孔喉(0.68×10-3μm相似文献   

注CO2油气藏流体体系油/水和油/气界面张力实验研究

采用高压界面张力装置测定了某油田在油藏温度下,原油中不同CO2注入量时油藏流体/地层水的界面张力,并考察了压力的影响.实验发现,随着原油中CO2注入量的增加,油藏流体/地层水界面张力不断减小.相同CO2注入量时,随着压力升高,油藏流体/地层水界面张力增大;当CO2摩尔分数达到0.650时,测得的油藏流体/地层水界面张力随压力的升高已变化很小,同时,从测得的PVT关系中也已很难分辨出泡点压力,体系接近一次接触混相的状态.当CO2摩尔分数为0.578时,油藏流体/CO2界面张力随着压力的升高而降低.研究表明,对某油井采用注CO2降低油藏流体/地层水、油藏流体/CO2间的界面张力的方法是可行的,注CO2方法在降低界面张力的同时,还增加了地层压力,对提高油井的采收率有利.     

大芦湖油田樊124断块CO2混相驱过程中沥青质沉淀实验研究

针对胜利油区典型的低渗透油田--大芦湖油田樊124断块的油藏条件,利用SDS固体沉淀实验装置对5种压力下注入CO2过程中沥青质的沉淀情况进行了研究,确定了沥青质沉淀析出的条件及沉淀量,并提出了预防沥青质沉淀的措施.研究结果表明,在樊124断块进行CO2非混相驱,不会产生明显的沥青质沉淀,而在高于26 MPa下进行CO2混相驱时,会产生少量沥青质沉淀,且注入压力越高,沥青质沉淀趋势越强,但由于地层油中原始沥青质含量较低,产生的沥青质沉淀量不大;根据樊124断块油藏流体条件,在较低的压力(＜26 MPa)下进行CO2混相驱或近混相驱,既能获得较高的原油采收率,又能避免或减少沥青质的沉淀.     

大芦湖油田樊124断块CO2混相驱过程中沥青质沉淀实验研究

针对胜利油区典型的低渗透油田——大芦湖油田樊124断块的油藏条件，利用SDS固体沉淀实验装置对5种压力下注入CO2过程中沥青质的沉淀情况进行了研究，确定了沥青质沉淀析出的条件及沉淀量，并提出了预防沥青质沉淀的措施。研究结果表明，在樊124断块进行CO2非混相驱，不会产生明显的沥青质沉淀，而在高于26MPa下进行（硒混相驱时，会产生少量沥青质沉淀，且注入压力越高，沥青质沉淀趋势越强，但由于地层油中原始沥青质含量较低，产生的沥青质沉淀量不大；根据樊124断块油藏流体条件，在较低的压力（〈26MPa）下进行CO2混相驱或近混相驱，既能获得较高的原油采收率，又能避免或减少沥青质的沉淀。     

延长油田特低渗透浅层油藏注CO_2提高采收率技术研究

针对延长油田特低渗透浅层油藏储层物性差、破裂压力低、注水开发效果差等开发难点,为探讨注二氧化碳提高采收率的可行性,利用复配原油通过室内实验研究了地层条件下溶解不同含量CO2对原油高压物性的影响,并通过数值模拟技术对注气量、注入速度、注入方式、段塞大小及气液比等注气参数进行了优化.结果表明:CO2能很好地改善原油性质,CO2溶解能力强,能有效增加地层弹性能量,降低原油黏度;但是注气参数对最终采收率影响较大,气水交替注入方式优于连续注气开发,最优注气量为0.3PV,最佳注气速度为8 103m3/d.采用变气液比的方式开采,可以缩短投资回收期.该研究结果对延长油田特低渗油藏及类似油田的注气高效开发具有一定的指导作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.