Reverberatory activity in neuronal networks in vitro

It has been proposed that during cognitive processes, "online" memory traces in the brain are carried by reverberatory activity in neuronal circuits. However, the nature of such reverberation has remained elusive from experimental studies, largely due to the enormous complexity of intact circuits. Recent works have attempted to address this issue using cultured neuronal network and have revealed new dynamic properties of network reverberation as well as the underlying cellular mechanisms. These results demo...     

Design and construction of the current conveyor-based current mode low-pass filter

According to the structures and characteristics of the current conveyor circuits, a non-inverting current integrator, an inverting current integrator and a multi-output follower circuits have been constructed. Applying inter-reciprocity network theorem, a method was developed to implement the transform fromRLC filter prototype circuits into active-RC filter circuits, and finally into current mode filter based on current conveyor. The transfer functions and component sensitivities are common among them. It is effective in the processing of current mode analog signal, which is easy to implement. Foundation item: Supported by the Natural National Science Foundation of China (69571020) Biography: ZHU Da-bin (1939-), Associate professor, Senior visiting scholar in Wuhan University, Research direction: theory of radio circuits.     

基于虚拟方法的混响箱设计及实验验证

混响箱常用于材料隔声、吸声实验研究中,因此混响箱的设计对于实验的可靠性有着重要影响.混响箱的传统设计都是基于混响声场特性,其效率较低,可靠性也较差.为此,设计了一种复合结构的混响箱模型,通过统计能量分析(SEA)法对复合结构的隔声特性进行了仿真分析,用边界元方法(BEM)模拟混响箱内的声场分布,依据仿真结果对模型进行优化,最终获得具有足够隔声量和均匀声场的混响箱模型.对基于仿真模型制作的混响箱进行隔声实验,结果表明,在400,Hz以上频率范围内,混响箱的隔声量高于50,dB;混响箱内不同位置的声压级相差不超过3.5,dB.镁合金板的隔声实验结果与质量定律及统计能量分析所得结果吻合良好.可见,采用复合结构箱体能实现良好的隔声效果,借助于统计能量法和边界元方法对混响箱进行设计是行之有效的.     

混响室机械搅拌工作方式下独立采样点计算建模

通过理论分析,确定机械搅拌工作方式下混响室体积、搅拌器体积、工作频率等因素对混响室独立采样点数的影响,推导出混响室独立采样点数的近似计算公式。在实验室混响室中进行多个频点测试,通过矢量网络分析仪测得的S21参数对混响室不同工作频点下的Q值进行分析。运用自相关函数法计算不同工作频点对应的真实独立采样点数,代入模型对模型进行验证和改进。利用修正后的计算模型计算不同工作频点下混响室的独立采样点数,将计算结果与实验测算结果进行比较。结果表明构建的模型计算结果与实测结果相符,精度较高。     

Reverberation nulling and echo enhancement at low frequency using waveguide invariance

Based on the fact that the transfer function vector between a source receiver array and the dominant scatterer of boundary reverberation at a range can be obtained from the corresponding reverberations scattered from this range cell, a reverberation nulling concept using time reversal processing has been proposed. However, current reverberation nulling methods have certain limitations when applied into practice, which would null boundary reverberation and target echo simultaneously. As a solution, a passive reverberation nulling and echo enhancement method at low frequency using waveguide invariance is proposed in this paper. In this method, the reverberation subspace for the target range cell is not obtained directly from the return signals scattered by the target range cell but from the return signals scattered by a range cell located before the target using waveguide invariance, so as to suppress the reverberation embodied in the target echo by passive reverberation nulling. Besides, a range-dependent optimal weighting vector rather than conventional projector matrix is deduced to null the reverberation component meanwhile maximizing the target echo, thereby enhancing the echo-to-reverberation ratio furthest. Numerical simulations in typical range-independent shallow water environment demonstrate the efficacy and the improved performance of the proposed method for echo-to-reverberation enhancement.     

通风网络含有单向回路时的通路算法

所谓单向回路就是风路风流方向相同的回路。网络中存在单向回路，也就是说存在着循环风。通路是图论中的一个重要概念，在通风网络中也有着广泛的用途。在介绍无单向回路的通风网络的通路数和通路矩阵计算方法的基础上，提出了含有单向回路的通风网络的通路的矩阵算法的不适用性问题。论述了通过修改搜索策略，利用深度优先搜索法确定通路矩阵的算法，该法既适用于有单向回路时的通风网络，也适用于无单向回路的情况，而且复杂性要比矩阵算法小得多。     

含有单向回路的风网平衡图绘制方法

在火风压作用下发生风流逆转和采用多级机站通风的矿井往往存在单向回路。通风网络中存在单向回路时,将无法绘制其所对应的平衡图。采用通风网络拓扑关系等效变换的方法,删除造成单向回路的风机分支,并构造新的风机分支．其末节点是新网络的汇点,原风机分支末节点是新网络的源点,变换后的网络与原网络在分支数上相同,说明平衡图矩形块的个数不变。除造成单向回路的风机分支外,变换后的网络与原网络拓扑关系相同。将含有单向回路的通风网络变换成无单向回路的通风网络,从而实现了含有单向回路的风网平衡图的绘制。     

一种模糊神经网络的硬件电路优化设计方式

为提高模拟电路实现模糊神经网络的精度,通过对模糊神经网络中的高斯函数电路、求小电路以及去模糊电路分别进行性能优化,从整体上达到模拟电路实现模糊神经网络中高精度、高速的特性要求.所设计的模糊神经网络整体电路采用电压模式实现,并通过逼近一个非线性函数来验证.所设计的模拟单元电路均采用TSMC 0.18 μm工艺参数设计完成.通过Cadence软件仿真,结果表明:在1.8 V的工作电压下,所提出的改进型单元电路具有精度高、结构简单、便于调节和扩展的特性,并且能够完整地实现模糊神经网络的控制.     

Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits

Switching between exploratory and defensive behaviour is fundamental to survival of many animals, but how this transition is achieved by specific neuronal circuits is not known. Here, using the converse behavioural states of fear extinction and its context-dependent renewal as a model in mice, we show that bi-directional transitions between states of high and low fear are triggered by a rapid switch in the balance of activity between two distinct populations of basal amygdala neurons. These two populations are integrated into discrete neuronal circuits differentially connected with the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Targeted and reversible neuronal inactivation of the basal amygdala prevents behavioural changes without affecting memory or expression of behaviour. Our findings indicate that switching between distinct behavioural states can be triggered by selective activation of specific neuronal circuits integrating sensory and contextual information. These observations provide a new framework for understanding context-dependent changes of fear behaviour.     

Probabilistic Analysis on Connectivity for Sensor Grids with Unreliable Nodes

0 IntroductionWireless sensor networks consist of manynodes , each containing application-specificsensors ,a wirelesstransceiver ,anda si mple proces-sor[1-4]. Sensor networks have extensive applica-tions . A large number of research results can beseenin Refs .[5-7] .This paper mainly concerns with sensor net-works that are inherently unreliable. We consider anetwork with mn nodes ,arranged in a grid over asquare region of areaA. This model was presentedin[8 ,9].Each nodeis a sensor ,and can…     

A small-systems approach to motor pattern generation

How neuronal networks enable animals, humans included, to make coordinated movements is a continuing goal of neuroscience research. The stomatogastric nervous system of decapod crustaceans, which contains a set of distinct but interacting motor circuits, has contributed significantly to the general principles guiding our present understanding of how rhythmic motor circuits operate at the cellular level. This results from a detailed documentation of the circuit dynamics underlying motor pattern generation in this system as well as its modulation by individual transmitters and neurons.     

Neuronal growth inhibitory factor inhibits pheochromocytoma PC12 in vitro

Neuronal growth inhibitory factor (GIF), named Metallothioneins-Ⅲ (MT-Ⅲ), is the first protein validated to be capable of inhibiting the growth of neurons in nervous system. We have detected the effects of recombinant GIF on the growth of neuroblastoma SY5Y and pheochromocytoma PC12 by the MTT (Thiazolyl blue) reduction assay. Recombinant GIF inhibited PC12 in vitro; the inhibitory rate was about 25% when GIF was at 100 mg/L; and the inhibitory rate was about 50% when GIF was at 300 mg/L. It is shown that PC12 could serve as a proper model for detecting neuronal growth inhibitory activity of GIF. Recombinant GIF did not inhibit neuroblastoma SY5Y in vitro, a common model of neuroma; it is also shown that GIF could not inhibit neuromata extensively. The reason for GIF inhibiting PC12 may be that PC12 have some properties of cholinergic neuron. It must play an important role in discovering the mechanism of GIF’s neuronal growth inhibitory activity.     

脑整体工作机理探究

本文在现代脑研究资料基础上,主要从脑的解剖、病理、电生理和生化角度,探讨了脑整体工作机理。其中认为;脑工作的基本条件是依赖脑的内源性振荡器对脑各系统连续不断的激励;信息在脑中的编码方式是由信息所产生的冲动使神经元突触建立“连接”—网路而实现;信息在脑中的存储就是这种网路的稳定,海马在此过程中起决定性作用;信息在丘脑—皮层的网路中存在着循环,并具有优势—网状结构对循环的选择、控制作用;信息在脑中被进一步处理的方式是依赖循环而实现,通过循环使脑中网路之间建立关系并创造新信息。     

Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo

Brain circuits process information through specialized neuronal subclasses interacting within a network. Revealing their interplay requires activating specific cells while monitoring others in a functioning circuit. Here we use a new platform for two-way light-based circuit interrogation in visual cortex in vivo to show the computational implications of modulating different subclasses of inhibitory neurons during sensory processing. We find that soma-targeting, parvalbumin-expressing (PV) neurons principally divide responses but preserve stimulus selectivity, whereas dendrite-targeting, somatostatin-expressing (SOM) neurons principally subtract from excitatory responses and sharpen selectivity. Visualized in vivo cell-attached recordings show that division by PV neurons alters response gain, whereas subtraction by SOM neurons shifts response levels. Finally, stimulating identified neurons while scanning many target cells reveals that single PV and SOM neurons functionally impact only specific subsets of neurons in their projection fields. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibitory neuronal subclasses have distinct and complementary roles in cortical computations.     

基于模拟退火的三维集成电路水冷散热网络优化算法

三维集成电路(3D-IC)通过在垂直方向堆叠多层芯片有效提高了芯片的性能和集成度.然而,过高的功率密度和温度成为3D-IC集成度提高的最大障碍.水冷散热技术将冷却液注入两层芯片间的沟道有效解决了3D-IC的散热问题,同时也带来了过高温度梯度的问题以及对散热功耗,芯片可靠性的要求.本文提出一种在有硅穿孔限制下的基于模拟退火的沟道网络优化算法,算法基于温度仿真,对散热沟道进行放置与填充操作,设计出的沟道网络可以有效降低散热功率和温度梯度.实验中,与传统的均匀直沟道的设计方法相比,我们的方法可以在相同最高温和温度梯度限制条件下,降低散热功率达67.0%.     

基于声相关的海底回波仿真

为了弥补声相关计程仪(ACL)工作原理只能利用几何关系描述的不足,以声呐方程为基础,采用Kirch-hoff近似模型,研究了基于混响网络模型的海底回波.利用仿真回波数据及时-空相关函数,推导出船速从一维到三维不同条件下,采用平面阵进行接收时,满足两接收阵元接收回波相关性最大的条件,从而给出了波形不变性原理的一种数学描述方法.仿真结果证明了该描述方法的有效性.     

Mutations in DMRT3 affect locomotion in horses and spinal circuit function in mice

Locomotion in mammals relies on a central pattern-generating circuitry of spinal interneurons established during development that coordinates limb movement. These networks produce left-right alternation of limbs as well as coordinated activation of flexor and extensor muscles. Here we show that a premature stop codon in the DMRT3 gene has a major effect on the pattern of locomotion in horses. The mutation is permissive for the ability to perform alternate gaits and has a favourable effect on harness racing performance. Examination of wild-type and Dmrt3-null mice demonstrates that Dmrt3 is expressed in the dI6 subdivision of spinal cord neurons, takes part in neuronal specification within this subdivision, and is critical for the normal development of a coordinated locomotor network controlling limb movements. Our discovery positions Dmrt3 in a pivotal role for configuring the spinal circuits controlling stride in vertebrates. The DMRT3 mutation has had a major effect on the diversification of the domestic horse, as the altered gait characteristics of a number of breeds apparently require this mutation.     

Novel high PSRR current reference based on subthreshold MOSFETs

This paper takes full advantages of the I-V transconductance characteristics of metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor （MOSFET） operating in the subthreshold region and the enhancement pre-regulator technique with the high gain negative feedback loop. The proposed reference circuit, designed with the SMIC 0.18 μm standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor （CMOS） logic process technology, exhibits a stable current of about 1.701 μA with much low temperature coefficient （TC） of 2.5×10^-4μA/℃ in the temperature range of-40 to 150℃ at 1.5 V supply voltage, and also achieves a best PSRR over a broad frequency. The PSRR is about - 126 dB at DC frequency and remains -92 dB at the frequency higher 100 MHz. Moreover the proposed reference circuit operates stably at the supply voltage higher 1.2 V and has good process compatibility.     

基于仿真试验的耦合空间音乐厅客观音质参数的多元方差分析

采用多元方差分析法,应用ODEON计算机仿真软件,针对一个理想的耦合空间音乐厅模型,对耦合空间音乐厅的客观音质参数进行较为系统的分析.分析过程包括以下四种典型的情况:耦合空间的开闭状态;耦合空间布置在不同的位置;不同的耦合开口面积;吸声特性不同的耦合空间内部界面材料.最后提出了一些具备一定应用价值的定性结论.     

基于互相关序列和BP网络的声源定位算法

在基于麦克风阵列的声源定位算法中,一种常用算法的基本思路是通过麦克风接收到信号的相关序列来计算信号之间的时延,进而再根据阵列的结构确定声源的位置。在分析传统的声源定位算法基础上,针对双五元十字阵模型,介绍传统的基于广义互相关相位变换加权(generalized cross correlation-phase transform, GCC-PHAT)时延估计的定位算法,并给出基于GCC-PHAT时延估计和反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络的定位算法、基于抛物线互相关时延估计和BP网络的定位算法,进而通过分析影响时延估计的主要因素,提出了基于互相关序列和BP网络的新定位算法,该算法将GCC-PHAT互相关序列最大值点的位置、最大值点及其左右各一点的相关值作为BP网络的输入,通过对BP网络进行训练来实现声源的三维定位。仿真实验表明：与传统的基于GCC-PHAT时延估计的定位算法相比,所提出的各个算法均具有较好的定位效果,后者均比前者的定位精度更高,而且提出的基于互相关序列和BP网络的新定位算法在低信噪比和高混响的条件下,也具有较好的定位效果。