论抒情语体

抒情语体是以传递和表达情感为主的语言形式 ;抒情性是抒情语体最本质的特点 ;抒情语体在不同语境中具有不同的语言特点 ;抒情语体中主体的情感类型决定其语言风格类型 ;抒情语体中情感产生的主客观因素及情感表达的两种基本方式是———直接抒情、间接抒情     

Homeotic transformation of the occipital bones of the skull by ectopic expression of a homeobox gene.

Murine Hox genes have been postulated to play a role in patterning of the embryonic body plan. Gene disruption studies have suggested that for a given Hox complex, patterning of cell identity along the antero-posterior axis is directed by the more 'posterior' (having a more posterior rostral boundary of expression) Hox proteins expressed in a given cell. This supports the 'posterior prevalence' model, which also predicts that ectopic expression of a given Hox gene would result in altered structure only in regions anterior to its normal domain of expression. To test this model further, we have expressed the Hox-4.2 gene more rostrally than its normal mesoderm anterior boundary of expression, which is at the level of the first cervical somites. This ectopic expression results in a homeotic transformation of the occipital bones towards a more posterior phenotype into structures that resemble cervical vertebrae, whereas it has no effect in regions that normally express Hox-4.2. These results are similar to the homeotic posteriorization phenomenon generated in Drosophila by ectopic expression of genes of the homeotic complex HOM-C (refs 7-10; reviewed in ref. 3).     

马克斯克鲁维酵母表达系统菊粉酶启动子的改造及活性研究

马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)作为一种食品安全级酵母,具有生长快,生物量高等特点,是一种新型的重组蛋白表达的宿主系统.启动子是供RNA聚合酶识别和结合的DNA序列,调控着转录的起始过程,直接影响基因的表达水平.本文通过易错PCR技术对马克斯克鲁维酵母菊粉酶启动子Pinu进行两轮突变,以阿魏酸酯酶(Est1E)作为报告基因,经筛选、鉴定获得了5个可以显著提高外源蛋白表达量的突变型启动子Pm1D81、Pm1F138、Pm2Q89、Pm2M73、Pm2X47,报告蛋白Est1E的酶活性是启动子改造前的2.31,2.65,5.01,5.40,5.43倍.随后测试了启动子Pm2X47对外源蛋白甘露聚糖酶和赤霉烯酮降解酶表达的影响,结果显示这两种酶的表达量均有提高,分别是启动子改造前的3.57倍和4.13倍.上述结果提示,改造后的菊粉酶启动子在提高外源蛋白表达水平方面具有一定的通用性,可作为新型候选表达元件,以提升马克斯克鲁维酵母重组表达外源蛋白的能力.     

Immunodeficiency virus rev trans-activator modulates the expression of the viral regulatory genes

The pathogenic human retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes two trans-acting nuclear proteins, tat and rev, whose functional expression is essential for viral replication in vitro. The tat protein greatly enhances the expression of both structural and regulatory genes of HIV-1 (linked to the viral long-terminal-repeat promoter element), whereas the rev gene product (previously termed art or trs) has only been shown to be required for the synthesis of structural proteins. Here, we demonstrate that rev also moderates the expression of regulatory genes of HIV-1. It decreases the expression of messenger RNAs that encode the full-length form of the viral tat gene product or the rev protein itself, and induces the synthesis of a previously unreported, truncated tat protein. These actions of rev are mediated by a dramatic shift in the ratio of spliced to unspliced cytoplasmic HIV-1 mRNA. Therefore rev not only activates the synthesis of the viral structural proteins, but also modulates the level and quality of HIV-1 regulatory gene expression.     

论中国古典文论史中的反讽

通过对中国古典文论史上与反讽相似的修辞概念和哲学表述形态的分析研究,认为中国古代文论中的"反讽"不仅有着悠久的历史,而且有自己的特色,它不仅表现为一种修辞形态,而且是与艺术风格、表现手法和哲学内涵紧密结合在一起。这一观点会为人们理解中国传统小说提供一种新的视角。     

Implications of fragile X expression in normal males for the nature of the mutation

The fragile site at Xq27, associated with a common form of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), is expressed in a variable proportion of the peripheral lymphocytes of affected males when the cells are cultured under thymidylate stress (Td stress) produced by folate or thymidylate deprivation. Some clinically normal males--transmitting males--are known to carry and transmit the fragile X mutation and yet show no cytogenetic expression in lymphocytes. Normal males with no family history of X-linked mental retardation express the site only rarely. When the fragile X chromosome from affected males is isolated in a rodent genetic background by somatic cell hybridization, the level of expression is similar to that seen in lymphocytes under Td stress. Here we show that X chromosomes from two transmitting males and two normal control males, all of which were fragile X negative in lymphocytes or lymphoblasts, could be made to express the fragile site in hybrids, although at levels that were below those seen in hybrids from affected males. Furthermore, transmitting males could be differentiated from normal males by their significantly higher expression rates when hybrids were exposed to caffeine before cytogenetic harvest. One male chimpanzee also showed low level expression in hybrid cells. These data suggest that the hybrid system lowers the threshold for fragile X expression, a fragile site at Xq27 may be present on all human and chimpanzee X chromosomes and constitutes a previously unrecognized common fragile site and the hybrid system with caffeine post-treatment can distinguish between the common Xq27 fragile site of control males, the occult mutant fragile site of a transmitting male, and the fully expressed fragile site of an affected male with XLMR. Thus the mutation producing XLMR may represent a multi-step alteration of a naturally occurring DNA sequence producing a continuum of cytogenetic expression and a threshold for clinical manifestation.     

Stochastic gene expression out-of-steady-state in the cyanobacterial circadian clock

Recent advances in measuring gene expression at the single-cell level have highlighted the stochastic nature of messenger RNA and protein synthesis. Stochastic gene expression creates a source of variability in the abundance of cellular components, even among isogenic cells exposed to an identical environment. Recent integrated experimental and modelling studies have shed light on the molecular sources of this variability. However, many of these studies focus on systems that have reached a steady state and therefore do not address a large class of dynamic phenomena including oscillatory gene expression. Here we develop a general protocol for analysing and predicting stochastic gene expression in systems that never reach steady states. We use this framework to analyse experimentally stochastic expression of genes driven by the Synechococcus elongatus circadian clock. We find that, although the average expression at two points in the circadian cycle separated by 12 hours is identical, the variability at these two time points can be different. We show that this is a general feature of out-of-steady-state systems. We demonstrate how intrinsic noise sources, owing to random births and deaths of mRNAs and proteins, or extrinsic noise sources, which introduce fluctuations in rate constants, affect the cell-to-cell variability. To distinguish experimentally between these sources, we measured how the correlation between expression fluctuations of two identical genes is modulated during the circadian cycle. This quantitative framework is generally applicable to any out-of-steady-state system and will be necessary for understanding the fidelity of dynamic cellular systems.     

Structure of the S-adenosylmethionine riboswitch regulatory mRNA element

Riboswitches are cis-acting genetic regulatory elements found in the 5'-untranslated regions of messenger RNAs that control gene expression through their ability to bind small molecule metabolites directly. Regulation occurs through the interplay of two domains of the RNA: an aptamer domain that responds to intracellular metabolite concentrations and an expression platform that uses two mutually exclusive secondary structures to direct a decision-making process. In Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus species, riboswitches control the expression of more than 2% of all genes through their ability to respond to a diverse set of metabolites including amino acids, nucleobases and protein cofactors. Here we report the 2.9-angstroms resolution crystal structure of an S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-responsive riboswitch from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis complexed with S-adenosylmethionine, an RNA element that controls the expression of several genes involved in sulphur and methionine metabolism. This RNA folds into a complex three-dimensional architecture that recognizes almost every functional group of the ligand through a combination of direct and indirect readout mechanisms. Ligand binding induces the formation of a series of tertiary interactions with one of the helices, serving as a communication link between the aptamer and expression platform domains.     

CONSTANS mediates between the circadian clock and the control of flowering in Arabidopsis

Flowering is often triggered by exposing plants to appropriate day lengths. This response requires an endogenous timer called the circadian clock to measure the duration of the day or night. This timer also controls daily rhythms in gene expression and behavioural patterns such as leaf movements. Several Arabidopsis mutations affect both circadian processes and flowering time; but how the effect of these mutations on the circadian clock is related to their influence on flowering remains unknown. Here we show that expression of CONSTANS (CO), a gene that accelerates flowering in response to long days, is modulated by the circadian clock and day length. Expression of a CO target gene, called FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), is restricted to a similar time of day as expression of CO. Three mutations that affect circadian rhythms and flowering time alter CO and FT expression in ways that are consistent with their effects on flowering. In addition, the late flowering phenotype of such mutants is corrected by overexpressing CO. Thus, CO acts between the circadian clock and the control of flowering, suggesting mechanisms by which day length regulates flowering time.     

On the structure of AP-4 responsive element in the LTR of Jembrana disease virus

As a bovine lentivirus,Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is genetically similar to the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). Unlike other lentiviruses which always have a long incubation period, e.g. 8—10 years for HIV, JDV infection causes an acute illness with shorter incubationpreriod and higher mortality. In the experimentally inocu-lated cattle, the incubation period varied from 8 to 12 d before the onset of clinical symptoms, which is very simi-lar to bovine plague with a high titer of J…     

Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut

Bilateria are subdivided into Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Indirect development through primary, ciliary larvae occurs in both of these branches; however, the closing blastopore develops into mouth and anus in Protostomia and into anus only in Deuterostomia. Because of this important difference in larval gut ontogeny, the tube-shaped guts in protostome and deuterostome primary larvae are thought to have evolved independently. To test this hypothesis, we have analysed the expression of brachyury, otx and goosecoid homologues in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii, which develops by means of a trochophora larva-the primary, ciliary larva prototypic for Protostomia. Here we show that brachyury expression in the ventral portion of the developing foregut in Platynereis and also otx expression along ciliated bands in the mouth region of the trochophora larva parallels expression in primary larvae in Deuterostomia. In addition, goosecoid expression in the foregut of Platynereis mirrors the function in higher Deuterostomia. We present molecular evidence for the evolutionary conservation of larval foreguts and mouth regions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Our data indicate that Urbilateria, the common bilaterian ancestors, developed through a primary, ciliary larva that already possessed a tripartite tube-shaped gut.     

关于投影算符的讨论

投影算符是量子力学中一个很重要的算符 ,它在量子力学中有许多应用 ,其完备性关系是连接狄拉克表示与一般表示的桥梁 ,是将狄拉克表示转化为一般表示的枢纽。因此 ,有必要详细地讨论投影算符的几何意义、本征值、本征函数及其性质     

黑莓果实发育过程中蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因的表达分析

【目的】蔗糖磷酸合成酶(sucrose phosphate synthase, SPS)是调控植物蔗糖代谢合成的关键酶,在植物光合产物的积累与分配方面有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨黑莓3个SPS基因的系统发育关系、编码的蛋白特性、在不同发育时期、不同组织中的时空表达特性,并分析其与黑莓发育的关系。【方法】以黑莓栽培品种‘宝森’(‘Boysenberry’)为试材,从中克隆和鉴定了3个 SPS 基因家族成员,利用生物信息学和荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)等方法对3个黑莓SPS 基因RuSPS1、RuSPS2和RuSPS3的氨基酸序列、保守作用元件、编码的蛋白特性、蛋白结构及进化关系进行分析,并对这3个基因在黑莓中的时空表达情况与酶活性进行了相关性分析。【结果】多重氨基酸序列比对显示,黑莓SPS蛋白具有植物SPS家族特有的2个保守蛋白结构域及2个相对保守的蛋白磷酸位点;系统进化分析表明,RuSPS基因分为A、B两个亚族,其中RuSPS1和RuSPS3为A亚族成员,RuSPS2为B亚族成员;保守作用元件分析表明, 除RuSPS2含基本的蛋白保守元件外, RuSPS1和RuSPS3都存在不同程度的片段缺失;序列分析和比较揭示了黑莓SPS基因与其他家族的不同特征。qRT-PCR分析显示,3个RuSPS基因在黑莓各个组织器官中均有表达,其中RuSPS1在叶片和果实中表达量较高,在花中的表达量较低;RuSPS2在发育成熟的果实中有大量的表达,在其他器官中表达量较低;RuSPS3在各器官中的表达均较高,说明 SPS基因表达具有明显的组织特异性,3个RuSPS基因都随着果实发育进程在果实和叶片中表现了表达增加的趋势。果实和叶片中SPS酶活性的变化与RuSPS基因表达水平一致。相关分析表明,叶片中SPS活性与RuSPS2显著正相关(P<0.05),果实中SPS活性与RuSPS1显著负相关(P<0.05)。【结论】3个RuSPS基因与黑莓果实发育过程中的蔗糖合成与代谢关系密切,均参与了黑莓的生长发育调控,其中叶片中SPS活性的变化一定程度上是由RuSPS2调控,果实中SPS活性的变化则是由RuSPS1调控。     

A distinct Hox code for the branchial region of the vertebrate head.

The branchial region of the vertebrate head forms through complex interactions involving rhombomeric segments, neural crest and branchial arches. It is though that aspects of their patterning mechanisms are linked and involve Hox-2 genes, whose overlapping and spatially restricted expression domains represent a combinatorial code for generating regional diversity. Vertebrates possess four Hox clusters of Antennapedia class homeobox genes, related to each other by duplication and divergence from a common ancestral complex. In consequence, at equivalent positions in different clusters there are highly related genes known as subfamilies or paralogous groups. As Hox-2 genes cannot fully account for patterning individual rhombomeres, we investigated whether offsets in expression limits of paralogous genes could account for the generation of regional diversity. We report here that, with the exception of the labial subfamily, paralogues show identical expression limits in rhombomeres, cranial ganglia and branchial arches, providing a combinatorial Hox code for the branchial region that seems to be different in organization to that of the trunk.     

Determination of spatial domains of zygotic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo by the affinity of binding sites for the bicoid morphogen

The maternal gene bicoid is a key component of the system that determines the pattern of the anterior half of Drosophila embryos. The bicoid protein forms a concentration gradient in early embryos, and is known to bind DNA. Specific binding sites are now shown to confer expression in a region of the embryo that depends on their affinity for bicoid protein: sites of high affinity allow expression further down the bicoid protein gradient than sites of low affinity.     

6/6-SPS型Stewart机构奇异轨迹性质识别的Z截面法

对6／6-SPS型Stewart并联机构的奇异轨迹的性质进行识别。基于Stewart并联机构奇异轨迹的解析表达式,推导出了该并联机构在相互平行的Z截面上的奇异轨迹。结果表明：6／6-SPS型Stewart并联机构在相互平行的Z截面上的奇异轨迹总是一个二次多项式其包括四对相交直线、一条抛物线及双曲线束。但是,当机构的上、下平台不平行时,机构在空间中的奇异轨迹又是一个不可分解的三次多项式。     

Unrestricted expression of the Drosophila gene patched allows a normal segment polarity.

In the Drosophila embryo, mutations in the segment polarity gene patched (ptc) cause the replacement of the middle region of each segment by a mirror-image duplication of the remaining structures, including the parasegmental border. This gene, which encodes a transmembrane protein, is initially expressed in a generalized way at blastoderm, but later stops being transcribed in cells expressing the engrailed gene, and even later in cells in the middle of the parasegment. The genes engrailed (en) and wingless (wg) are also segment-polarity genes, and they are expressed in adjacent stripes flanking the parasegment borders in the embryo; in ptc mutants wg expression extends anteriorly and an ectopic stripe of en expression is induced. The suggestion has been made that ptc must be transcribed in a specific subset of cells to prevent en expression anterior to the wg-expressing stripe. Here we report that unrestricted expression of ptc from a heat-shock promoter has no adverse effect on development of Drosophila embryos. The heat-shock construct can also rescue ptc mutants, restoring wg expression to its normal narrow stripe. The ectopic en stripe fails to appear, but the normal one remains unaffected. The results imply that, despite its localized requirement, the restricted expression of ptc does not itself allocate positional information.