福建漳江口红树林沉积物中的古菌类群

利用环境16S rRNA基因序列分析技术,对福建漳江口红树林沉积物中存在的古菌类群进行检测。首先提取红树林沉积物的总DNA,并进一步构建环境16S rRNA基因克隆文库。随机挑选文库克隆,根据Amplified rDNA restriction analysis(ARDRA)分析分型后进行测序。对所测序列进行系统进化分析。结果显示,文库中的大部分古菌克隆(95%)分别属于广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)中的Marine benthic group D和泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)的Miscellaneous crenarchaeotic group和Marine group I等3个已描述的古菌类群, 另有小部分克隆(5%)可能代表广古菌门中新的古菌类群。Miscellaneous crenarchaeotic group类群古菌是红树林沉积物中古菌的优势类群。上述古菌类群的检测加深了人们对于红树林古菌群落结构复杂性及其生态学意义的认识。     

甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina sp.)若干特性的研究

利用甲醇、H_2 CO_2或乙酸盐作为碳源和能源,从池塘的沉积物取样,经过反复的富集和分离,得到了甲烷八叠球菌的纯培养物。该菌在H_2 CO_2或甲醇上生长最快,1～2周出现菌落而在乙酸盐上3～4周出现菌落。菌落直径通常为1～2mm,在培养基的深层为不规则的多角形,表面菌落为圆形。菌落颜色为白至黄色。特殊的假八叠形使之很容易鉴定到属的水平。甲烷八叠球菌在液体培养基或固体培养基中均产生甲烷。酵母膏对该菌的生长具有很大的刺激作用。在420 nm处该菌产生荧光。     

甲烷氧化菌对煤吸附甲烷的氧化特性

在煤样中加入甲烷氧化菌AEM1235菌悬液,充入CH4或CH4与O2的混合气体进行等温吸附实验以测定甲烷氧化菌对CH4的氧化能力.在两种充气条件下的吸附与脱吸附实验结果均显示出气体中CH4量显著减少和CO2增加的变化.在充气5.0 MPa、添加菌液量为18.75%条件下,充CH4气体、CH4与O2的混合气体时的CH4减少量分别可达其饱和吸附量的121.18%和244.39%,表明在高压、缺氧或充氧的条件下甲烷氧化菌对煤样中吸附的CH4均具有吸收和氧化的作用,这种作用随菌量增加或压力升高而加强,并且有O2存在可以促进甲烷氧化细菌对CH4的吸收和利用.该结果表明在地下煤层的高压和缺氧的条件下甲烷氧化细菌仍然具有较强的吸收和氧化煤层中结合态CH4的能力.     

甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcinasp)若干特性的研究

利用甲醇、H_2+CO_2或乙酸盐作为碳源和能源,从池塘的沉积物取样,经过反复的富集和分离,得到了甲烷八叠球菌的纯培养物。该菌在H_2+CO_2或甲醇上生长最快,1～2周出现菌落而在乙酸盐上3～4周出现菌落。菌落直径通常为1～2mm,在培养基的深层为不规则的多角形,表面菌落为圆形。菌落颜色为白至黄色。特殊的假八叠形使之很容易鉴定到属的水平。甲烷八叠球菌在液体培养基或固体培养基中均产生甲烷。酵母膏对该菌的生长具有很大的刺激作用。在420nm处该菌产生荧光。     

甲基单胞菌Methylomonas sp.GYJ3的生长特性及产甲烷单加氧酶特性

研究了甲基单胞菌 Methylomonas sp.GYJ3发酵培养过程中生长特征和产酶特征 ,结果表明该菌株在生长过程中产酸 ,通过控制发酵过程中 p H可提高细胞的生长密度 ,其生长周期较摇床发酵短 .细胞中甲烷单加氧酶产生于细胞的对数生长期 ,在 70 h以后甲烷单加氧酶活性不再增加 ,最高活性为 3.97nmol环氧丙烷 / min· mg干细胞 .同时研究了细菌生长过程中甲烷的利用 ,结果表明每克甲烷的消耗可产生 0 .69g细胞干重 .考察了 Cu2 +浓度对细胞产生可溶性甲烷单加氧酶和颗粒性甲烷单加氧酶的影响 .并由此建立了 GYJ3菌的连续发酵动力学模型 .     

一种产氢产乙酸菌互营共培养体的筛选及其群落结构解析

厌氧消化系统中的产氢产乙酸菌在营养生态位上位于产酸发酵菌群和产甲烷菌群之间,在功能上起着承上启下的重要作用.该菌群具有与耗氢菌互营共生的特性,其分离纯化非常困难.为了深入了解其生理生态特性,为开发高效的厌氧生物处理技术提供理论基础,采用丙酸和丁酸混合培养基,以具有甲烷发酵功能的厌氧活性污泥为出发菌群,进行了产氢产乙酸菌互营共培养体的选育,并借助于PCR-DGGE技术对其菌群结构进行了解析.经过选择培养基的不断传代培养,最终筛选到2个产氢产乙酸互营共培养体7-m-2a和11-O-1.这2个共培养体不仅对丙酸和丁酸具有很强的降解和产乙酸能力,而且不产甲烷和硫化氢.在这种非产甲烷菌和非硫酸盐还原菌与产氢产乙酸菌组成的互营共培养体中.含有专性的互营产乙酸菌Desulfotomaculum sp.Iso-W2及其伴生菌,其中的伴生菌是能利用甲酸盐和H2/CO2的Uncultured bacterium 054E12_B_DI_P58和Sedimentibacter sp.JN18_A14_H.对这一新的产氢产乙酸菌互营共培养体的发现和选育成功,为更全面地研究产氢产乙酸菌的生理生态特性提供了样本.     

一株产甲烷菌的生物学特性及系统发育分析的研究

采用严格的亨盖特(hungate)厌养技术,从青海湖鸭湖西端沉积物中富集分离得到MQ-4菌株.MQ-4菌株为革兰氏阴性菌、不运动、球状、直径1μm左右.菌落圆形,从无色透明到黄色.该菌能利用甲酸钠及H2/CO2产甲烷.最适生长温度35~40℃,最适pH 7.0,最适盐浓度4%.对MQ-4菌株进行16S rDNA的PCR扩增,测序并对序列进行分析,构建系统发育树,表明菌株MQ-4属于甲烷袋状菌属.     

夏季珠江口冲淡水对氨氧化古菌的空间演替及分布规律的影响

氮在海洋生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用，通常能限制海洋生物的生产力.硝化反应是氮循环的核心环节，且氨氧化反应是硝化作用的限速步骤，再加上氨氧化古菌(Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea, AOA)是氨氧化反应的主力军，因此海洋氨氧化古菌成了研究热点.通过对夏季珠江口的不同深度水体进行研究，以氨氧化古菌的功能基因氨单加氧酶(amoA)作为分子标记，运用454高通量测序技术和定量PCR在DNA和cDNA水平上来分析氨氧化古菌的群落结构组成、多样性和基因丰度分布特征.结果表明，夏季珠江口的淡水来源站位(A2B)有着最高的氨氧化古菌群落多样性，但丰度最低；自由生活型的氨氧化古菌丰度是附着生活型的10～1 000倍，这可能是氨氧化古菌的主要生存策略；盐度是影响夏季珠江口氨氧化古菌群落结构组成的主要环境因子，而其amoA基因丰度与环境因子之间没有显著性差异；表层和底层AOA群落之间的差异较自由生活的与附着的群落之间更为明显.研究表明在cDNA水平上对功能微生物类群进行探究的必要性，有助于增进水体氨氧化古菌群落响应环境变迁的认识.     

鄱阳湖南矶湿地苔草植被根际土壤微生物群落结构分析

为探究鄱阳湖南矶湿地苔草植被根际土壤微生物群落结构,该文以鄱阳湖南矶湿地苔草植被根际土壤为研究对象,采取0～15 cm、15～30 cm及30～45 cm深度的土壤,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术,研究不同深度土壤群落结构及其影响因素.研究结果表明：不同深度土壤样品理化性质和酶活性存在显著差异,随土壤深度的增加呈降低趋势.Pearson相关分析表明鄱阳湖南矶湿地苔草植被根际土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性之间存在不同程度的相关性.高通量测序结果表明不同深度土壤细菌和真菌群落微生物丰富度及多样性未达到在统计学意义上的差异显著水平(P>0.05),土壤古菌群落微生物多样性随土壤深度的增加而增加.在苔草植被根际土壤中共检测到41个细菌门类,其中变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和硝化螺旋菌门为优势菌门;检测到8个真菌门类,其中子囊菌门、担子菌门和罗兹菌门为优势菌门;检测到10个古菌门类,其中广古菌门、泉古菌门、奇古菌门为优势菌门.冗余分析表明：土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮含量是影响细菌群落的主要环境因子;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和碱解氮含量是影响真菌群落的主要环境因子;土壤有机质、...     

固体氧化物燃料电池阳极甲烷重整过程动力学模型

基于甲烷蒸气重整动力学模型,结合平板型固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料上甲烷蒸气重整实验数据,得到了镍/氧化钇稳定氧化锆阳极甲烷蒸气重整过程的有效动力学模型,并采用该模型在不同工况下得出阳极内温度分布、甲烷转化率、最大温差、碳沉积及其可能气化的位置等.结果表明:局部温度分布和甲烷转化率对工作参数非常敏感,尤其是工作温度;局部温度在多孔阳极的前部急剧下降,而后随外部电加热器的热量和水转化所释放的热量增加而逐渐回升;最大温差区域在多孔阳极的前部,最大温差及其增量随着工作温度升高而增加;工作温度对甲烷转化率具有正面影响,并呈非线性关系;较高的工作压力对甲烷蒸气重整无益;碳可能沉积的区域在阳极的前部,特别是其表面;工作温度的升高对降低碳沉积起到较大作用;碳的气化反应随S/C的增加而加快.     

Anaerobic oxidation of methane: Geochemical evidence from pore-water in coastal sediments of Qi’ao Island (Pearl River Estuary), southern China

The concentrations of CH4 and SO4^2- in pore-water and the carbon isotope compositions of total dissolved inorganic （TCO2） and OH4 were determined for three coastal sedimentary cores collected from Qi＇ao Island （Pearl River Estuary）, southern China. Results show that methane concentration changes dramatically at the base of the sulfate-reducing zone and sulfate concentration gradients are linear for all stations. In addition, the carbon isotope of methane becomes heavier at the sulfate-methane transition （SMT）, which causes ∑CO2-δ^13C to become the minimum. The geochemical profiles of pore-water render indirect evidence for anaerobic oxidation of methane （AOM）. Based on numerical modeling of AOM and sulfate-reducing rates, the portion of total sulfate reduction occurring via AOM is 9.0%, 84% and 45.5%, respectively, and the percentage of TCO2 added to the pore-water is 4.7%, 72.4% and 29.45% correspondingly for three sites. Furthermore, it is found that the methane concentration, methane diffusive flux and the depth of SMT are controlled by the quantity and quality of sedimentary organic matter incorporated into the sediments. The great amount of organic material is favorable for rapid depletion of sulfate via sedimentary organic matter degradation, and on the other hand, causes the increase of the methane flux in the SMT, which results in a portion of sulfate reduction supported by AOM. Accordingly, the SMT was shifted towards the sediment surface.     

Nd isotopic variations and its implications in the recent sediments from the northern South China Sea

The chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns in recent sediments from the northern South China Sea and surrounding areas are similar, with the HREE values being almost equal to or slightly higher, and the La_N/Lu_N ratio being lower, than PAAS standards. However, samples from the Xijiang River, a major branch of the Pearl River system, show opposite trends, i.e., with slightly lower HREE values and higher La_N/Lu_N ratio than PAAS. The distribution of Nd isotopes in sediments from the northern South China Sea was controlled by the Pearl River and the inshore area of South China, respectively. The volume of ε_Nd(0) from inshore areas of southern China is apparently higher than that from the Pearl River, and ε_Nd(0) values in offshore sediments and Taiwan Island are between these values. The results clearly show that ε_Nd(0) volume in the northeastern South China Sea is higher than in the southwest part of the northern South China Sea, indicating different source rock types. The main source rock of the Pearl River sediment is carbonate types and affects sediment deposition in the southwest of the northern South China Sea, while the source rock in the inshore area of southern China, mainly Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites, contributes to sediments in the northeastern area of the northern South China Sea. Due to different source rock types, the HREE values and the volume of ε_Nd(0) in recent sediments supplied by the inshore area of southern China are higher than those from the Pearl River. Over 80% of the rapidly accumulated sediments on the northern slope of the South China Sea in the southeast of Dongsha Islands area were derived from Taiwan Island and from inshore areas of South China, with only less than 20% from the Pearl River. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40276019, 40238060 and 40621063), and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB819501)     

In situ time-resolved FTIR investigation on the reaction mechanism of partial oxidation of methane to syngas over supported Rh and Ru catalysts

In situ time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the reaction mechanism of partial oxidation of methane (POM) to synthesis gas and the reaction of CH₄/O₂/He (2/1/45, molar ratio) gas mixture with adsorbed CO species over Rh/SiO₂, Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ and Ru/SiO₂ catalysts at 500—600℃. It was found that CO is the primary product of POM reaction over reduced and working state Rh/SiO₂ catalysts. Direct oxidation of CH₄ is the main pathway of synthesis gas formation over Rh/SiO₂ catalyst. CO₂ is the primary product of POM over Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ and Ru/SiO₂ catalysts. The dominant reaction pathway for synthesis gas formation over Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst is via the reforming reactions of CH₄ with CO₂ and H₂O. For the POM reaction over Rh/SiO₂ and Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts, consecutive oxidation of surface CO species is an important pathway of CO₂ formation.     

琼东南盆地甲烷微渗漏活动地球化学示踪研究

为了深入认识南海北部琼东南盆地的甲烷微渗漏活动,通过测试位于该盆地某似海底放射（BSR）发育区内柱状样HQ-6PC和HQ-38PC的孔隙水阴阳离子浓度及δ¹³C_DIC等指标,对甲烷微渗漏活动特征进行了研究。结果显示,在柱状样HQ-6P和HQ-38PC的5.2 m以上部分,硫酸盐消耗由有机质硫酸盐还原作用（OSR）和甲烷缺氧氧化作用（AOM）共同主导,而在柱状样HQ-38PC的5.2 m以下部分主要受AOM的影响。柱状样HQ-38PC的硫酸根甲烷转换界面（SMTZ）埋深为9.9 m,甲烷向上扩散的通量约为32 mmol·m^-2·a^-1。两个柱状样孔隙水的Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca质量比随深度的变化指示其中形成的自生碳酸盐矿物主要为高镁方解石。HQ-6PC的Cl^-浓度在3.5 m以下明显降低,可能有天然气水合物分解时排放的低盐度流体加入,而HQ-38PC在4.0~5.5 m处存在较高的盐度异常,暗示其中可能混入了来自水合物形成时排放的高盐度流体。因此,两个站位浅表层发育显著的甲烷微渗漏活动,其下方可能发育水合物。     

Effect of H2S concentration on the corrosion behavior of pipeline steel under the coexistence of H2S and CO2

The effect of H2S concentration on H2S/CO2 corrosion of API-X60 steel was studied by scanning electron microscopy, a weight-loss method, potentiodynamic polarization tests, and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. It is found that the cor-rosion process of the steel in an environment where H2S and CO2 coexist at different H2S concentrations is related to the morphological structure and stability of the corrosion product film. With the addition of a small amount of H2S, the size of the anode reaction region is de-creased due to constant adsorption and separation of more FeS sediment or more FeHS＋ions on the surface of the steel. Meanwhile, the dou-ble-layer capacitance is diminished with increasing anion adsorption capacity. Therefore, the corrosion process is inhibited. The general cor-rosion rate of the steel rapidly decreases after the addition of a small amount of H2S under the coexistence of H2S and CO2. With a further increase in H2S concentration, certain parts of the corrosion product film become loose and even fall off. Thus, the protection provided by the corrosion product film worsens, and the corrosion rate tends to increase.     

High density methane inclusions in Puguang Gasfield: Discovery and a T-P genetic study

Based on measurement of homogenization temperature of inclusions and Raman spectral analysis, high density methane inclusions were discovered in the Triassic reservoirs of Puguang Gasfield. The methane inclusions show a homogenization temperature Th = -117.5― -118.1℃, a corresponding density of 0.3455―0.3477 g/cm3, and a Raman scatter peak v1 shift varying between 2911―2910 cm-1, which signifies a very high density of methane inclusions. The salt water inclusions paragenetic with methane inclusions show a homogenization temperature Th=170―180℃. Based on the composition of methane inclusions as determined by Raman spectra, PVTsim software was used to simulate the trapping pressure for high density methane inclusions in geologic history, and the trapping pressure was found to be as high as 153―160 MPa. Even though Puguang Gasfield is currently a gas pool of normal pressure, and the fluid pressure for the gas pool ranges between 56―65 MPa. However, data from this study indicates that remarkable overpressure may be generated at the stage of mass production of gas cracked from oils in Cretaceous, as high density methane inclusions constitute key evidence for overpressure in gas pool in geologic history. Meanwhile, discovery of small amounts of H2S, CO2 or heavy hydrocarbon in part of the high density methane inclusions indicates that the geochemical environment for trapping of inclusions may be related to formation of H2S. Therefore, the observation results can help to explore the thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） conditions for oil cracking and H2S formation.     

Density functional study on mechanism of CO oxidation with activated water on O/Au （1 1 1 ） surface

With density functional theory, the mechanism of water-enhanced CO oxidation on oxygen pre-covered Au （111） surface is theoretically studied. First, water is activated by the pre-covered oxygen atom and dissociates to OHads group. Then, OHads reacts with COads to form chemisorbed HOCOads, Finally, with the aid of water, HOCOads dissociates to CO2. The whole process can be described as 1/2H2Oads ＋ H2Oads ＋ 1/2Oads＋ COads→H3Osds ＋ CO2, gas. One CO2 is formed with only 1/2 pre-covered oxygen atom. That is why more CO2 is observed when water is present on oxygen pre-covered Au （111） surface. Activation energy of each elementary step is low enough to allow the reaction to proceed at low temperature.     

Apparent ages of suspended sediment and soil erosion of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) drainage basin

The carbon isotopic composition (Δ 14 C,δ 13 C) and apparent ages of suspended sediment were determined in the Pearl River in the years 1998,2000 and 2005.These results indicate that suspended POC consists mostly of young carbon and some old carbon.Apparent ages of suspended POC range from 540 to 2050 a BP.The apparent ages are older in the Xijiang and Beijiang Rivers,while these values are variable in the Dongjiang River,including old and young samples.The suspended POCδ 13 C values increase with increasin...     

Role of support in photothermal carbon dioxide hydrogenation catalysed by Ni/CexTiyO2

Nickel was supported on varied ratios of ceria-titania mixed oxides(Ni/Ce_xTi_yO_2) to evaluate the role the support plays in photothermal carbon dioxide hydrogenation to produce methane. In a batch photothermal reactor system, Ni/CeO_2 achieved the highest conversion rate, reaching a conversion of 93% in approximately60–90 min. To decouple the influence of light and heat, the CO_2 hydrogenation was examined in an in-house designed photothermal reactor, whereby heat can be applied externally. Decoupling experiments revealed that heat from the thermalisation by light was the main driving force for the reaction. In addition, the conversion and temperature profile of the different catalysts revealed that the catalyst performance was governed by catalyst reducibility. H_2-TPR analyses showed that the Ni became more readily reducible with increasing Ce O_2 content,suggesting that the oxide plays a role in activating the Ni. The reduction temperature of the nickel catalyst(following a reduction and passivation process) was below 200 °C, which meant that the inherent heating temperature of the photothermal reactor was sufficient to initiate Ni/CexTiyO_2 catalyst activity. The exothermic methanation reaction was then able to heat the system further, ultimately reaching a temperature of 285 °C. The ancillary rise in temperature promotes further nickel reduction and methane formation, leading to a "snow-ball"effect. The findings demonstrate that, to achieve a "snow-ball" effect in a photothermal system, designing a catalyst which is easy to reduce, active for CO_2 hydrogenation, and capable of converting light to heat for its initial activation is critical.     

ZrO_2-supported α-MnO_2:Improving low-temperature activity and stability for catalytic oxidation of methane

The single phaseα-Mn O_2and in-situ supportedα-Mn O_2/Zr O_2with different ratios of Mn/Zr were synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal method.They showed superior activity for catalytic oxidation of methane and even better than that of 1%Pt/Al_2O_3.The T_(50)of Mn O_2/Zr O_2catalysts with different ratios of Mn/Zr were located in the range of 315–335°C at a WHSV of 90 L g~(-1)h~(-1),whereas that of Pt/Al_2O_3was 380°C.After sulfur ageing,the Mn O_2/Zr O_2catalysts with Mn/Zr ratio of 2:1(2Mn O_2/1Zr O_2)and 1:1(1Mn O_2/1Zr O_2)exhibited satisfying sulfur resistance in comparison to the pure Mn O_2.The 2Mn O_2/1Zr O_2catalyst also showed acceptable catalytic stability,and the addition of 10 vol%CO_2had no obvious negative effect on its stability,whereas the addition of2.6 vol%H_2O caused slight but reversible decreasing methane oxidative activity.