混输海管清管作业模拟分析研究

海管清管作业是清扫长输海底管道内杂质、积液、积污,提高管道输送效率,降低摩阻损失,减少管道内壁腐蚀,延长管道寿命,确保海管稳定运行的重要技术手段。通过研究模拟得到清管球在管道内的运行位置和速度,海管内的积液量以及水合物含量等,利用数据判断清管时段塞对管道及下游设施的影响程度,为今后海管清管技术的理论及现场清管操作提供参考。     

海洋深水海底含蜡原油管道中蜡沉积预测和清管模拟

针对含蜡原油管道蜡沉积会引起回接管道的流动安全问题,研究深水含蜡原油管道蜡沉积规律以及控制措施。使用OLGA软件,对中国南海某深水油田2根233 mm水下回接不保温含蜡原油管道中蜡沉积速度、蜡沉积在管壁的厚度以及清管周期等进行模拟分析,综合考虑蜡沉积厚度和蜡沉积引起的压力增加确定清管周期。结果表明:在投产后前2年,清管周期约35 d,从第3年开始,随着含水量大幅增加,清管周期约60 d;单根233 mm管道最大输液量为7 000 m~3/d,输液量高于7 000 m~3/d时需要采用双管输送, FPSO平台上清管所需的最大输液量为4 200 m~3/d(175 m~3/h),发球所需的最大外输泵压力为6 000 kPa。     

海底长输油管道缩径模拟实验及计算分析

为了研究海底长输油管道运行过程中管道内径、流体流通面积和输油能力变化规律。以渤海X油田原油外输海管为例,通过砂(泥)沉积特性模拟实验及沉积临界流速理论计算,并根据实际温降、压降分析,确认了管内砂沉积及管道缩径的可能性。研究表明,海底长输油气管道在长期运行过程中,管线内泥沙沉积造成了管线缩径,原油流通面积减小,压降增大,输油能力不断下降。     

塔河油田重质原油外输管道安全输量分析

随着投用时间的增长和产量的变化,塔河油田原油管道在生产运行过程中会处在低输量的状态下。由于环境温度变化较大,所输油品凝点黏度较高等因素,重油管道在低输量条件下有可能会陷入不稳定工作区甚至发生凝管停输等危险。调研了原油管道安全输量的相关文献,针对塔河油田塔雅管线的实际运行状况,考虑了管道运行过程中摩擦热的影响,建立了管线运行时的平衡方程式。运用逐步搜索法,通过输量和终点温度的关系得到了热力学最小输量;通过输量和沿程摩阻的关系得到了水力学最小安全输量。综合得到的输量结果,进行了规律性分析,并针对塔雅管线的运行,提出了建议。     

起伏管内局部油水两相流流动特性实验研究

地形起伏成品油管道积水不仅降低管输效率、加速管道内壁腐蚀,其腐蚀产物还可引起干线设备堵塞,甚至 计划外停输。采用0# 柴油、自来水在内径50 mm 的地形起伏透明有机玻璃测试系统上对油流携带积水这一局部油水 两相流系统进行了实验研究,发现：随油流剪切作用的增大,积水逐渐呈界面光滑分层流、界面波动分层流以及界面乳 化分层流3 种形态;一旦积水全部进入上倾管段,其平均运动速度随油相表观速度增大而线性递增,其平均截面含率 随油相表观速度增大而线性递减;积水全部进入上倾管段时对应的油相表观速度随上倾倾角增大而增大,而积水量对 其影响较小。结果表明采用上游来流可以将积水携带出去。     

油气管道清管技术探析

油气管道是石油、天然气运输的主要设备,油气管道自建设起,到管道投产运行,直至管道停输,清管作业贯穿始终,是保障管道正常投产及运行的重要环节,而清管器则是这一保障作用得以实现的重要工具.因此,针对油气管道清管技术,主要从清管器工作原理、清管器主要分类、清管器定位方法及清管技术应用四方面探析油气管道淸管技术.     

分布随从力作用下黏弹性悬臂输流管道的稳定性分析

对在流动流体和分布随从力共同作用下的黏弹性输流管道,以Kelvin黏弹性模型和Euler梁模型为基础建立输流管道的运动微分方程,然后采用Galerkin方法对其离散化。通过特征值分析,研究分布随从力、质量比、黏弹性系数对系统失稳临界流速的影响。运用复频率随流速变化的曲线,分析不同的参数作用下系统的振动特性和稳定性。结果表明:分布随从力越大,系统失稳的临界流速越小;随着质量比的增大,临界流速会增大;黏弹性系数增大时,临界流速也会略微增大;悬臂输流管道的失稳方式主要为颤振失稳。     

三相流运动力学对减缓膜生物反应器膜污染的理论分析

运用气、液、固三相流运动力学原理对一体式膜生物反应器运行过程分析,得出:①反应器膜外污染的临界流速与膜管抽吸压力及主腔宽度、曝气条件的关系;②膜管内膜壁存在或不存在凝胶层条件下,产生污染的临界速度与膜管径、污染物粒径、膜管内抽吸压力、膜管内流态及膜壁对污染物吸附力的关系;③消除膜污染运行控制措施及条件.     

大型天然气管道稳态运行优化研究

针对天然气长输管道压缩机站运行能耗高的问题，基于动态规划法，建立以大型天然气管道压缩机站总能耗最低为目标函数的管道运行优化模型，确定压缩机开机数量和出站压力为优化变量。根据此优化模型，求解西气东输一线管道算例，该算例管道规模庞大（含22座压缩机站和32台压缩机，管线全长3 840 km，设计年输量为170×10⁸ t），优化模型可在60 s内求解得出结果，动态规划法求解快速有效。根据优化结果，优化运行方案比运行日报表中增加了2台压缩机的开机数量，管道总压降减少了3.40 MPa，燃气轮机组平均效率提高了4.234%，电驱机组平均效率提高了4.875%，压缩机总功率减少187 20.38 kW，生产单耗减少16.24 kgce/（10⁷ Nm³·km），可大幅降低西气东输一线管道的总能耗，证明了所建优化模型的正确性和可行性。     

跨临界变压运行中水冷壁动态特性的实验研究

针对超临界直流锅炉水冷壁系统在跨临界变压运行过程中的特殊流动与传热现象,在压力为19～25MPa、质量流速为300～800kg/(m~2·s)、外壁热流密度为60～250kW/m~2的工况范围内,对垂直上升受热管道内超临界水在跨临界动态过程中的流动与传热特性开展了实验研究。结果表明:在从超临界压力阶跃降低至亚临界压力的动态过程中,受热管内流体极其容易发生壁温飞升现象,该现象由近临界区流体发生的膜态沸腾(又称DNB传热恶化)引起。在近临界压力区,随着压力的升高并逐渐靠近临界压力,发生DNB传热恶化时的起始局部流体焓值会大幅度降低,而且恶化程度逐渐增强,本实验大多数工况甚至在过冷区就开始发生传热恶化现象,严重威胁锅炉水冷壁系统的安全运行。基于本文实验结果和对锅炉水冷壁系统运行的分析认为,当管内的局部流体焓值高于1 600kJ/kg时,水冷壁系统在跨临界动态过程中极有可能出现DNB传热恶化现象。本文实验结果可为超临界锅炉水冷壁系统跨临界变压运行期间的工况设计和调节提供指导。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.