基于集对分析法的岩爆烈度分级预测研究

集对分析方法是一种处理不确定性问题的系统分析方法,该方法数学表达简单,物理意义明确,所含意义深远.基于集对分析理论,选取影响岩爆的主要因素如最大切向应力σθ、单轴抗压强度σc、单轴抗拉强度σt、弹性能量指数Wet和岩石的脆性指数Is,并把σθ/σc,σc/σt,Wet和Is作为岩爆预测的主控因子,建立了岩爆预测的集对分析模型,对各个工程岩爆烈度级别进行预测.结合国内外一些典型深埋长大隧道工程实例进行分析计算,通过实际预测分析对比表明,集对分析法简便易行,评价结果准确,在隧道岩爆烈度级别的评判中具有广泛的实用价值.     

基于粗糙集理论和支持向量机的岩爆预测

为了提高不同环境和地质条件下对岩爆预测的准确性,在综合岩爆影响因素的基础上,选取岩石取样处的埋深、岩石单轴抗压强度,岩石单轴抗压强度与抗拉强度比值、围岩最大切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度比值、岩石弹性变形能指数作为评判指标建立岩爆烈度预测决策表,根据粗糙集理论中的属性约简算法,确定特定地质条件下岩爆的主要影响因素,删除冗余数据,再使用粒子群算法优化支持向量机的参数,通过核函数将岩爆主控因素映射到高维空间,拟合主控因素与岩爆烈度之间的非线性映射关系,建立基于粗糙集理论和粒子群支持向量机(RS-PSOSVM)的岩爆预测模型,并将该模型应用于大相岭隧道的岩爆预测。研究结果表明:该模型具有较高准确率和和较强稳定性;岩爆预测结果与实际结果一致,验证了该模型的可行性。     

可拓工程方法在地下工程岩爆预测中的应用

在系统分析了影响岩爆发生的相关因素的基础上,结合地下工程实际,采用可拓综合评判方法,针对性地选取了3个评价指标,应用物元概念和关联函数,建立了岩爆预测的物元模型,对岩爆的发生与否及其烈度进行预测.结合国内外一些典型岩石地下工程实例进行分析计算,通过实际预测分析对比表明,该模型评价结果可靠,精度较高,具有较好的适用性,表明该模型在岩爆预测中有着良好的应用前景.     

基于熵权的模糊物元模型在岩爆倾向性评价中的应用

鉴于岩爆倾向性评价的不确定性和模糊性,以模糊物元理论为基础,选取岩石强度脆性系数、强度应力比Rc/σ1、冲击倾向能WCF及岩石完整性系数作为评价指标,同时结合熵权理论及贴近度原则,建立了基于模糊物元理论的岩爆倾向性多指标综合评价模型,并将其应用于会泽锌铅矿8#矿体的岩爆预测中.结果表明该方法具有较好的合理性及适应性.     

深埋地下工程岩爆烈度分级预测的RS-功效系数模型

岩爆是深埋地下工程施工过程中常见的动力破坏现象,易造成重大经济损失和人员伤亡,对其进行有效预测预报一直是地下工程界迫切需要解决的难题。在系统分析影响岩爆发生的相关因素的基础上,选取切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度比??/?c、岩石单轴抗压强度与抗拉强度比?c/?t、弹性变形能指数Wet和岩石脆性指数Is建立评价指标体系,并基于粗糙集理论,将各指标的权重问题转换为由现场实测数据来求解各指标属性重要性问题。然后,基于社会经济学中广泛应用的功效系数法,针对各指标对岩爆的影响特征,构建其功效函数,最终建立岩爆烈度分级预测的RS-功效系数模型,对岩爆发生可能性及其烈度进行预测预报。运用所建模型对国内外一些典型地下工程岩爆实例进行分析计算,并与集对分析模型、物元可拓模型评判结果对比分析。研究表明:RS-功效系数模型评价结果可靠、精度较高且现场可操作性强,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

岩爆灾害的灰类白化权函数聚类预测方法

岩爆是高应力岩石地下工程中的地质灾害.将岩爆与其影响因素之间的关系作为灰色系统,提出采用灰类白化权函数聚类的预测方法对岩爆灾害进行预测.选取岩石弹性能量指数、脆性系数和围岩最大切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度的比值作为岩爆灾害预测的主要影响因子,并构造了适于岩爆预测的各聚类指标的白化权函数.采用本文提出的方法对国内外一些岩石地下工程实例进行了分析,并与工程实际情况进行了对比,研究结果表明,本文提出的基于灰类白化权函数聚类的岩爆灾害预测方法具有较高的预测精度.     

岩爆分类的人工神经网络预测方法

采用人工神经网络原理，选取影响岩爆的一些主要因素，如地应力、岩石抗压强度、抗拉强度等作为输入参数，建立了岩爆分类与预测的神经网络模型．利用国内外一些工程实例作为学习和训练的样本，并用已经训练稳定的样本对某水电站地下厂房岩爆进行预测．研究表明，与其他岩爆预测方法比较，人工神经网络模型更具有客观性和有效性．     

深部硬岩岩爆预测的FDA模型及其应用

将Fisher判别分析(FDA)理论应用到深部硬岩岩爆预测中,以最大切向应力σθ、单轴抗压强度σc、单轴抗拉强度σt和弹性能量指数Wet作为影响岩爆的因素,建立以σθ/σc,σc/σt及Wet为判别因子的岩爆预测的FDA模型.以国内外15个深部岩体实例为训练样本进行训练,利用训练好的模型对冬瓜山硬岩矿山和某煤矿三水平西大巷深部开拓巷道岩爆进行预测.研究结果表明:利用FDA模型进行深部硬岩岩爆预测,结果与工程实际岩爆结果相符合,说明该方法在深部硬岩岩爆预测中具有良好的工程实用性.     

地下工程岩爆灾害预测的属性综合评价模型

 针对地下工程岩爆灾害预测各种方法的局限性以及预报准确率低的现状,基于属性数学理论与方法,选取围岩最大切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度之比、脆性系数和弹性能量指数作为岩爆灾害预测的主要评价指标,建立了岩爆灾害预测的属性综合评价模型,对岩爆的发生与否及其烈度进行了预测。应用属性数学理论,构造了各评价指标的属性测度函数,并利用相似数定义相似权的方法确定各指标的权重以计算综合属性测度,最后应用置信度准则进行属性识别,给出评价结果。以10 组典型地下工程为例,对该模型进行了验证,结果表明,该模型评价结果与实际情况有较好的一致性,验证了属性综合评价在岩爆灾害预测中的可行性和适用性,为地下工程岩爆灾害的预测提供了一种新途径。     

粒子群投影寻踪算法在岩爆预测中的应用

对岩爆有影响的三项主要因子：洞室最大切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度的比值、脆性系数和弹性能量指数作为岩爆灾害预测的主要判别指标,通过粒子群优化算法和投影寻踪算法建立了相应的岩爆预测分析模型.该模型采用粒子群算法优化投影指标函数,确保了模型参数的准确性;同时利用逻辑斯谛曲线函数建立投影值与经验等级之间的非线性关系.研究表明,用粒子群投影寻踪回归模型进行岩爆预测,避免了传统预测方法由于主观原因造成的误差,预测精度较高.通过将所建模型应用到秦岭隧道和冬瓜山铜矿的岩爆预测中,得到与实际情况较符合的预测结果.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.