Change of water use efficiency and its relation with root system growth in wheat evolution

Raising crop water use efficiency (WUE) is the physiological basis to implement crop high efficiently using water. The present soil column and field experiments are designed to investigate the change of wheat WUE (Triticum aestivum L.) at whole plant level and root system growth in evolution and the relationship between WUE and its root system growth using 10 wheat evolution genotypes with different ploidy chromosomes sets. Results show that in wheat evolution from 2n→6n, WUE at whole plant level increases with the increase of ploidy chromosomes, and root system growth (root weight, root length) and root/shoot ratio of wheat decrease with the increase of ploidy chromosomes under dry and irrigated conditions. WUE is negatively correlated with root weight and root/shoot ratio of wheat in evolution, significantly. Root system growth has an adverse redundancy for WUE in wheat evolution, and the root redundancy reduces with the increase of ploidy chromosomes, which result in the increase of wheat WUE at whole plant level.     

湖北省小麦新品种旗叶光合速率日变化及相关环境因素分析

本文对湖北省的三个小麦新品种和一个主要栽培品种（CK）旗叶的净光合速率和影响净光合速率的相关环境因子进行了研究。结果表明,四个品种旗叶净光合速率日变化有明显差异,但中午都有光合速率降低的现象,即“午睡”现象发生。环境因子对光合速率影响最大的是相对湿度。单株旗叶同化速率能较全面地反映不同品种旗叶同化能力大小。     

Highly efficient use of limited water in wheat production of semiarid area

To obtain a greater yield per unit rainfall is one of the most important challenges in dryland wheat production. Highly efficient use of limited water may be one means of achieving this goal. This paper reviewed wheat physiological adaptation and benefits associated with water deficit and variable conditions. In addition, it reveals the compensatory effect of limited irrigation and fertilizer supplement on wheat water-use efficiency (WUE) and highlights the breeding of new varieties for high WUE that could improve wheat productivity under water-limited environments in the semiarid area. Considerable potential for further improvement in wheat productivity in semiarid area seems to depend on effective conservation of moisture and efficient use of this limited water. Different crops, soil and water management strategies should be adjusted according to the conditions that prevail in the various semiarid areas. By combining soil and water conservation approaches with regulating the cropping system by cultivating drought-tolerant and water-saving cultivars, the increase in wheat productivity could be achieved.     

渝西地区再生稻高产品种筛选及株型特征分析

结合重庆渝西地区再生稻高产品种筛选对13个杂交水稻品种成熟期株型性状进行了调查分析,希望为该地区再生稻品种选择和选育提供依据.结果表明,深两优5814,川香优178两季综合产量分别达到14 513.25kg/hm~2和14 283.75kg/hm~2,较对照增产19.76%和17.87%,再生力强、产量高、品质优,适宜在该地区推广应用.成熟期株型分析结果显示,13个杂交水稻品种株高为101.50~126.00cm,剑叶长和宽分别为23.43~40.61cm和1.72~2.16cm,剑叶叶基角为12.00°~23.75°.成熟期上三叶直立,特别是剑叶挺直有利于改善群体结构和再生芽萌发成穗.     

春小麦不同叶位的代谢功能的研究

本文从新疆地区种植近五十万亩的春小麦品种——新春2号和赛洛斯的旗叶和倒二叶的叶绿素含量、自由水与束缚水的变化,以及硝酸还原酶活性的测定。认为在春小麦植株的旗叶与倒二叶的叶绿素含量上,差异不显著。从自由水/束缚水的比值来看,赛洛斯的低于新春2号。在硝酸还原酶活性方面是旗叶大于倒二叶,而倒二叶又大于根系。     

Dynamic changes in flag leaf angle contribute to high photosynthetic capacity

Dynamic changes in flag leaf angle, anatomy, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, population photosynthesis, and light transmission are investigated in three wheat cultivars： Xiaoyan 81 （Xy 81） in which flag leaf angle changes from erect to draped, Xiaoyan 41 （Xy 41） in which flag leaf angle changes from erect to half draped （middle type）, and Xiaoyan 6 （Xy 6） in which the flag leaf remains erect from the flowering to the grain-filling stage. No obvious differences in leaf thickness, leaf area, mesophyll morphology, granal stacking, photosynthesis, or chlorophyll content are found among the three cultivars. It is of interest to find that the flag leaf angle of Xy 81 changes from erect to draped during the grain - filling stage, but there are no obvious changes in chlorophyll content or photosynthetic capacity during this period, indicating that changes in flag leaf angle do not result from senescence. Moreover, the study shows that levels of population photosynthesis and light transmission in Xy 81 are higher than in Xy 41 and Xy 6. Taken together, these results demonstrate that dynamic changes in Xy 81 flag leaf angle enhance population photosynthesis and thus may improve wheat yield.     

大麦籽粒形成期不同器官氮素变化规律的研究

大麦籽粒形成期营养器官的全氮、蛋白氮含量都呈下降趋势。籽粒的全氮和蛋白氮含量呈上升趋势，全氮和非蛋白氮含量在品种间差异明显，而蛋白氮含量差异不明显。对于籽粒全氮含量的形成，旗叶（鞘）贡献最大，其次为穗下茎，芒与颖壳较穗下茎略小。对于籽粒蛋白氮含量的形成，旗叶（鞘）的作用最大，其次为芒与颖壳，穗下茎贡献较小。高蛋白品种营养器官的氮素向籽粒输出较充分，而低蛋白品种输出不充分。     

杂草稻的分类地位和利用途径探讨

对海南岛杂草稻和亚洲栽培稻及其近缘野生种的形态特征和生长习性作了对比观察,表明杂草稻虽然易落粒和种子休眠性较强,但它们与伴生的栽培稻如蕊稻（深水稻）在外部形态和叶表皮微形态等上很相似．结合前人研究结果,探讨了杂草稻的来源,指出杂草稻应归入栽培稻籼粳二亚种,作为变种,同时,观察到杂草稻与杂交稻Ｆ１等一样,在叶片远轴面脉间两气孔带之间的几行长细胞中零星分布较多气孔,简称“中气孔”,指出这种异常现象可作为杂合程度的量化指标之一,在选育杂种性品种中有应用价值,杂草稻的杂种性繁殖机制和特异基因值得鉴定、研究和利用．     

青稞杂交最佳去雄时间研究

为了确保青稞亲本材料杂交成功，依照抽穗时芒的项部伸出旗叶叶枕的不同长度采用去雄套袋的方法，对5个优良亲本最佳去雄时间进行研究。结果表明：拉兰和门源亮兰最佳去雄时间是在穗完全抽出旗叶叶枕之前，北青6号和昆仑12号分别是在芒尖距叶枕小于或等于7cm和12cm时，肚里黄是在芒尖距叶枕小于3—4cm时。根据青稞不同品种的开花结实习性可判定它们的最佳去雄时间．     

4个大麦品种旗叶光合特性与农艺性状关系的研究

为研究不同大麦品种光合特性与产量之间的关系,选用4个产量差异显著的春性大麦品种在灌浆期测定了旗叶光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率,分析了旗叶光合特性和农艺性状之间的关系。结果表明：光合速率与主要农业性状间不存在显著的正相关联系,甚至光合速率与产量性状呈显著负相关。因此,选育高光效的春性大麦品种只用光合速率作为选择指标是不够全面的。     

Genetic analysis and gene mapping of a narrow leaf mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A narrow leaf mutant was obtained after T-DNA transformation conducted on a rice variety Zhonghua 11. Several abnormal morphological characteristics, including semi-dwarf, delayed flowering time, narrow and inward rolling leaves, and lower seed-setting, were observed. The rate of net photosynthesis (un-der saturate light) of flag leaves in the mutant was significantly lower than that of the wild type. More-over, the leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in the mutant flag leaf were lower than tho...     

δ^13C and water-use efficiency indicated by δ^13C of different plant functional groups on Changbai Mountains,Northeast China

Leaf δ^13C of different plant functional groups （trees, shrubs and forbs; evergreen and deciduous; annual, biennial and perennial） were examined on the Changbai Mountains, China. Life form has a significant influence on plant δ^13C, suggesting that leaf δ^13C is also ideal for distinguishing functional groups species in temperate and frigid zones with high humidity. Additionally, the difference of water-use efficiency （WUE） is significant among different plant functional groups. δ^13C and WUE are in the following order of forbs 〈 shrubs 〈 trees. Within shrubs, δ^13C and WUE are higher for evergreen shrubs than deciduous shrubs. Differences in δ^13C and WUE are significant among different lifespan herbs, and δ^13C and WUE follow the order of annual herbs 〉 biennial herbs 〉 perennial herbs, not in accordance with the pattern obtained by previous studies in deserts, suggesting that the ranking of δ^13C and WUE among annual, biennial and perennial herbs may be dependent on local water availability.     

光照条件对紫叶观赏稻生长的影响

为研究不同光照条件下紫叶观赏稻茎、叶、分蘖等性状的生长差异,制定紫叶观赏稻种植技术,拓宽其应用途径。选取叶色为紫色的观赏稻品种B151和GY7作为试验材料,模拟家居庭院光照条件,设置正常光照、遮阳网下和墙边3个光照处理,以及分蘖前期和分蘖中后期2个移动时间处理。通过对叶色、叶片数、叶面积、剑叶性状、分蘖、有效穗、株高、抗逆性等性状数据的分析,结果表明:正常光照时间的缩短和光照强度的减弱,导致紫叶观赏稻分蘖数、叶片数、有效穗减少,叶片紫色变浅,剑叶长宽增加,剑叶夹角增大,叶片披垂,稻株仍具有较强的观赏性,适宜在家居庭院中种植。     

集雨微灌对春小麦产量灌浆和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨集雨微灌对春小麦产量、灌浆及水分利用效率的影响，于2001年在黄土高原西北部进行了灌水方式(管灌、滴灌和微喷灌3个水平)和灌水量(0，22．5，45．0，67．5mm4个水平)二因素试验，分别在拔节期、孕穗期和开花前期灌水，结果表明：尽管灌水方式间的差异不显著，但从产量表现来看，其大小顺序依次是微喷灌、滴灌、管灌和对照；灌水量和互作间的差异达极显著水平；灌水有增加穗数，降低穗粒数和干粒重的趋势；随灌水量的增加，千粒重对产量的贡献减小，而穗数对产量的贡献增加，穗粒数对产量的贡献表现在这一过程中，补灌能增加小麦的最大灌浆速率．作物田间耗水量和水分利用效率随补灌量的增加而增加；以微喷灌67．5mm的水分利用效率最高；供水效率以微喷灌45．0，67．5mm处理为高。     

Genetic analysis and gene mapping of a narrow leaf mutant in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

A narrow leaf mutant was obtained after T-DNA transformation conducted on a rice variety Zhonghua 11. Several abnormal morphological characteristics, including semi-dwarf, delayed flowering time, narrow and inward rolling leaves, and lower seed-setting, were observed. The rate of net photosynthesis (under saturate light) of flag leaves in the mutant was significantly lower than that of the wild type. Moreover, the leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in the mutant flag leaf were lower than those of the wild type at the grain filling stage. It was found that the mutant phenotype was not caused by the T-DNA insertion. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene, designated as nal3(t). A genetic linkage map was constructed using a large F₂ mapping population derived from a cross between nal3(t) and an indica variety Longtefu B with 6 polymorphic markers on chromosome 12 identified from 366 SSR markers by the BAS method. Gene nal3(t) was mapped between the markers RM7018 and RM3331. Fine mapping of nal3(t) locus was conducted with 22 newly developed STS markers based on the sequence diversity around the region harboring nal3(t) between Nipponbare and 93–11, and nal3(t) was finally mapped to a 136-kb region between the STS markers NS10 and RH12-8. Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (Grant No. 2006AA10A102), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30600349) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. Y306149)     

挑旗-开花期遮光对强筋小麦干物质积累的影响

采用人工遮光的方式,研究了挑旗-开花期弱光对强筋小麦植株生长发育的影响。结果表明,花前遮光抑制了强筋小麦地上部各部位的干物质积累,提高了退化小花和不孕小穗数的比例,与对照相比,表现为小麦株高变矮、干重降低和穗粒数减少。遮光撤除后,强筋小麦植株各部位干重出现补偿性增长。花前遮光后,强筋小麦穗数和穗粒数降低,千粒重提高,产量显著下降。花前遮光对强筋小麦干物质积累的影响存在明显的基因型差异。     

Numerical simulations of nutrient transport changes in Honghu Lake Basin,Jianghan Plain

Nutrients transported from catchments are one of the most important sources for lake eutrophication. In this study, the Honghu Lake Basin, located at the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, was chosen as the study area, and the watershed hydrological distribution model SWAT （Soil Water Assessment Tool） was applied to evaluate the trajectory of watershed nutrient transportation over time. Based on the analysis of driving factors, three experiments corresponding to natural, traditional and modern agriculture processes respectively were designed to evaluate the changes of nutrient inputs from catchments under the three environments. The simulation results showed that there were variations in nutrient production and changes in the range and rate. For three periods of the experiments, TN concentrations have changed as 0.12→0.31→1.15 mg/L, and production as 420→1650→6522 T/a; while TP concentrations changed as 0.018→0.057→0.117 mg/L, and production as 78→303→665 T/a. The nutrient transportation experienced slowly long-term increases during 1840--1950, then showed a relatively rapid increase during the period of 1950-1980s and the period from 1980 to early 1990s, with increasing rate of 1.4% and 2.4% respectively. And from the later 1990s to now, an obviously increasing trend with 15% increasing rate occurred. The effect from human activities on the watershed nutrient transportation increased rapidly, and had become a dominant factor in changes of the nutrient transportation.     

籼-粳稻特异插入／缺失分子标记揭示的稻属植物遗传分化

籼-粳分化在亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa L.)的驯化过程中非常重要,但其分化机制仍不清楚.有的学者认为水稻籼-粳分化是亚洲栽培稻在驯化过程中适应不同生境的结果,也有人认为籼-粳分化在水稻的野生祖先种中就已经存在.为了研究普通野生稻的籼-粳分化,并解析稻属(Oryza)植物的籼-粳遗传变异,利用34对籼-粳特异插入/缺失分子标记(InDel)引物,研究了50份典型籼稻(O.sativa L.subsp.Indica Kato)和粳稻(O.sativa L.subsp.japonica Kato)样本以及来源于35个国家的348份稻属其他种材料.结果表明,亚洲栽培稻存在明显的籼-粳分化,普通野生稻复合体(O.rufipogon complex)中存在"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型,而稻属的其他种均未出现籼-粳分化,普通野生稻复合体中"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型的地理分布格局与籼稻和粳稻的地理分布格局相吻合.考虑到大部分普通野生稻复合体的样本取自邻近有栽培稻种植的普通野生稻群体,推测得出部分普通野生稻样本中表现出的"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型可能是栽培稻的籼稻品种和粳稻品种在普通野生稻的长期协同进化过程中基因交流的结果.     

施氮量对不同穗型水稻品种生理特性的影响

以不同穗型水稻品种为试材，研究不同氮素水平对水稻生理特性的影响，结果表明：高氮水平下，两品种叶片中叶绿素含量、剑叶含氮量、单叶及群体光合速率、叶面积指数均高于低氮处理，下降速度也比低氮处理慢．这可能是直立穗型品种抽穗后物质生产能力强的生理原因．     

黄淮海地区农业节水对策及实施半旱地农业可行性研究

通过系统调研,从挖掘各类农业水资源潜力入手,分析总结了黄淮海地区农业节水的成效、经验与存在的问题,认为在充分利用降水基础上实施补充少量灌溉水的半旱地农业是解决该区域水资源严重短缺,同时实现农业生产可持续增长的一条重要出路。旱地农业、灌溉农业和半旱地农业并存将成为未来农业用水的新格局,按此对策实施,预期到2020年,该地区农田灌溉用水量可减少30 %以上,并率先实现农业用水系统的现代化。