快反应动力学的进展

20世纪后半叶,科学技术发展迅速。近代微电子技术、高速大型电子计算机以及激光技术的出现和发展把化学动力学推向了物理化学发展的前沿阵地。当前化学反应动力学的进展的主要特点是: 1.由宏观动力学向微观动力学发展。近100年来,从波登斯坦(Bodonstein)对气相反应动力学和门许特金(Menschutkin)对液相反应动力学的开创性研究到邢歇伍德(Hinshelwood)和谢苗诺夫(Semenov)对链反应动力学的研究,从麦克路易(McLewis)和特劳兹(Trautz)的双分子反应碰撞理论到艾林(Eyring)和珀兰尼(Polanyi)的过渡态理论以及RRKM的单分子反应理论,集累了大量极其丰富的内容,奠定了宏观动力学的基础。但是,从分子水平出发对化学动力学进行实验研究和理论计算还只有20余年的历史。以交叉分子     

双亚磷酸酯催化剂体系用于羰基合成丁醛反应动力学的研究

将自主开发的双亚磷酸酯催化剂(HY-A)体系用于丙烯羰基合成制丁醛.在一定反应条件下,得到了与丙烯(C_3H_6)浓度、反应温度和催化剂铑(Rh)质量分数相关的动力学方程.在C_3H_6模试连续反应时,采用动力学方程推算的C_3H_6转化率与试验实际转化率基本一致,验证了动力学方程的可靠性.     

Rh-5-Br-TAMB 配合物形成条件的动力学研究

研究了铑(Ⅲ)和2-[2-(5-溴-噻唑)偶氮]-5-二甲氨基苯甲酸(5-Br-TAMB)之间配合反应的动力学规律.实验表明:该配合反应是一个按缔合交换机理进行的二级反应.采用动力学方法给出了该试剂测定微量铑(Ⅲ)的最佳反应条件为:pH4.5～6.5,试剂浓度2.5×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)、反应温度100℃、反应时间5min.     

非等温法研究Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O脱水反应的动力学

用非等温热重法研究了Ni(CH3COO)2*4H2O脱水反应的动力学方程和动力学参数,实验数据以Achar法、Coats-Redfern法、MKN法处理得到脱水反应的动力学方程为dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)(1-α),活化能为E=91.30 kJ/mol,指前因子lg(A/S-1)=10.37,对反应的动力学补偿效应方程进行了研究.     

次氯酸钠氧化降解氮基三乙酸(NTA)的反应动力学和机理

用分光光度法研究了NaOCl氧化降解废水中氮基三乙酸(NTA)的反应动力学。在NTA过量的条件下测得该反应对于NaOCl为一级反应。在298K、pH=3.8时,一级反应的表现速率常数为2.2×10~(-4)s~(-1)。并考察了反应介质的酸碱性对反应速率的影响。在计量化学、产物分析和反应动力学的基础上探讨了可能的反应机理。论述了用NaOCl作氧化剂的优越性和实用性。     

用热重法确定动力学参数

用热重(TG)法和微分热重(DTG)法,对草酸钙(CaC2O4*H2O)和乙酸钙(CH3COONa*3H2O)的热分解反应进行动力学分析,假设分解反应符合简单动力学方程式,速率常数符合Arrhenius型,并忽略温度对活化能的影响,由此给出热分解过程的动力学参数如反应级数(n)、活化能(E)等.     

催化动力学光度法测定抗坏血酸的反应动力学

研究了溴酸钾氧化甲基橙体系催化动力学测定抗坏血酸(维生素C)的反应动力学规律,实验表明:反应对甲基橙为一级反应,对维生素C也是一级反应,并求得了相应的表观活化能.     

硝酸锌与组氨酸固液反应的热动力学

用微热量计对硝酸锌与组氨酸在水中的固液反应进行了热动力学研究。通过实验和计算得出该反应的热力学参数(活化焓、活化熵及活化自由能)、速率常数和动力学参数(活化能、指前因子及反应级数)。将温度改变对该反应的影响及配合物的合成条件进行了讨论。     

四苯基卟啉蒽醌化合物与钴(Ⅱ)配位反应动力学

用光度法研究了5-[p-(β-蒽醌酰亚胺)甲氧基]-10，15，20-对甲基四苯基卟啉(H2TPP)在DMF溶剂中与金属钴(Ⅱ)离子配位反应的动力学以及镉(Ⅱ)离子对该反应的催化作用，提出了反应机理，并研究了温度对反应动力学参数的影响，求得基元反应的活化参数△rHm^≠、△rSm^≠及平衡步的△rHm^θ、△rSm^θ．     

化学动力学数据处理的新方法

根据化学方程动力学方程的特点,提出了一种化学动力学数据处理的新方法,该方法不仅适用于简单反应(如一级反应、二级反应等),而且适用于复杂反应(如对峙反应),在反应终值(即时间无限长时的浓度、压力、电导、体积等)或反应初值未知的条件下,该方法仍能计算得到可靠的反应速度常数.应用本文提出的方法,不仅为化学工作者提供了一种处理化学动力学数据的有效方法,而且可以在一定程度上减少实验工作量.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.