大鼠胆管上皮细胞的分离、鉴定及纯度、活性分析

按Higgins等方法制作大鼠2/3肝切除(parital hepatectomy,PH)模型,用两步灌流法分散肝脏细胞,在32%～90%Perco11密度梯度离心法的基础上进一步用免疫磁珠分离胆管上皮细胞(biliary epithelial cell,BEC),用γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-glutamyl transferase,GGT)和角蛋白19(cyto-keratin19,CK19)免疫组织化学定性、定位再生肝(regenerating liver,RL)、分散的肝脏细胞及分离的胆管上皮细胞,用RT-PCR定量胆管上皮细胞的GGT和CK18mRNA,用蛋白免疫印迹定量胆管上皮细胞的GGT、角蛋白18(cytokeratin 18,CK18).初步证实分离的细胞中GGT和CK19阳性细胞占96%以上,从PH后各时间点分离的胆管上皮细胞的GGT和CK18mRNA量稳定,相应的蛋白量亦稳定.表明改进的分离胆管上皮细胞方法具有收率和纯度高、活性好等特点,方便适用.     

Resemblance of actin-binding protein/actin gels to covalently crosslinked networks

The maintainance of the shape of cells is often due to their surface elasticity, which arises mainly from an actin-rich cytoplasmic cortex. On locomotion, phagocytosis or fission, however, these cells become partially fluid-like. The finding of proteins that can bind to actin and control the assembly of, or crosslink, actin filaments, and of intracellular messages that regulate the activities of some of these actin-binding proteins, indicates that such 'gel-sol' transformations result from the rearrangement of cortical actin-rich networks. Alternatively, on the basis of a study of the mechanical properties of mixtures of actin filaments and an Acanthamoeba actin-binding protein, alpha-actinin, it has been proposed that these transformations can be accounted for by rapid exchange of crosslinks between actin filaments: the cortical network would be solid when the deformation rate is greater than the rate of crosslink exchange, but would deform or 'creep' when deformation is slow enough to permit crosslinker molecules to rearrange. Here we report, however, that mixtures of actin filaments and actin-binding protein (ABP), an actin crosslinking protein of many higher eukaryotes, form gels rheologically equivalent to covalently crosslinked networks. These gels do not creep in response to applied stress on a time scale compatible with most cell-surface movements. These findings support a more complex and controlled mechanism underlying the dynamic mechanical properties of cortical cytoplasm, and can explain why cells do not collapse under the constant shear forces that often exist in tissues.     

Planar polarized actomyosin contractile flows control epithelial junction remodelling

Force generation by Myosin-II motors on actin filaments drives cell and tissue morphogenesis. In epithelia, contractile forces are resisted at apical junctions by adhesive forces dependent on E-cadherin, which also transmits tension. During Drosophila embryonic germband extension, tissue elongation is driven by cell intercalation, which requires an irreversible and planar polarized remodelling of epithelial cell junctions. We investigate how cell deformations emerge from the interplay between force generation and cortical force transmission during this remodelling in Drosophila melanogaster. The shrinkage of dorsal-ventral-oriented ('vertical') junctions during this process is known to require planar polarized junctional contractility by Myosin II (refs 4, 5, 7, 12). Here we show that this shrinkage is not produced by junctional Myosin II itself, but by the polarized flow of medial actomyosin pulses towards 'vertical' junctions. This anisotropic flow is oriented by the planar polarized distribution of E-cadherin complexes, in that medial Myosin II flows towards 'vertical' junctions, which have relatively less E-cadherin than transverse junctions. Our evidence suggests that the medial flow pattern reflects equilibrium properties of force transmission and coupling to E-cadherin by α-Catenin. Thus, epithelial morphogenesis is not properly reflected by Myosin II steady state distribution but by polarized contractile actomyosin flows that emerge from interactions between E-cadherin and actomyosin networks.     

MYC inactivation uncovers pluripotent differentiation and tumour dormancy in hepatocellular cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma is generally refractory to clinical treatment. Here, we report that inactivation of the MYC oncogene is sufficient to induce sustained regression of invasive liver cancers. MYC inactivation resulted en masse in tumour cells differentiating into hepatocytes and biliary cells forming bile duct structures, and this was associated with rapid loss of expression of the tumour marker alpha-fetoprotein, the increase in expression of liver cell markers cytokeratin 8 and carcinoembryonic antigen, and in some cells the liver stem cell marker cytokeratin 19. Using in vivo bioluminescence imaging we found that many of these tumour cells remained dormant as long as MYC remain inactivated; however, MYC reactivation immediately restored their neoplastic features. Using array comparative genomic hybridization we confirmed that these dormant liver cells and the restored tumour retained the identical molecular signature and hence were clonally derived from the tumour cells. Our results show how oncogene inactivation may reverse tumorigenesis in the most clinically difficult cancers. Oncogene inactivation uncovers the pluripotent capacity of tumours to differentiate into normal cellular lineages and tissue structures, while retaining their latent potential to become cancerous, and hence existing in a state of tumour dormancy.     

发育中大鼠皮层神经元早期无镁细胞外液处理诱导NMDAR亚基mRNA表达的远期变化

以原代培养的大鼠大脑皮层神经元无镁诱导的反复惊厥样放电为模型,根据对培养6d(天)皮层神经元的不同处理分为3组：正常DMEM培养液组（CONT1）、正常细胞外液组（CONT2）和无镁细胞外液组（MGF）。神经元在上述3种液体中孵育3h,然后恢复正常DMEM培养液继续培养,在培养7、12及17d时应用实时定量PCR测定了发育中大鼠皮层神经元无镁细胞外液处理后NMDA受体亚基NR1、NR2A与NR2B mRNA表达的变化。结果显示: MGF组NR1 mRNA表达在培养7d时明显降低,培养12d时明显升高（p<0.05）;NR2A mRNA表达在培养12d时明显降低,培养17d时明显升高（p<0.05）;NR2B mRNA表达在培养7d与17d时明显升高（p<0.05）。而培养17d NR1 mRNA表达、7d NR2A mRNA表达及12d的皮层神经元NR2B mRNA表达3组中两两比较无统计学差异（p>0.05）。MGF组NR1/NR2A、NR1/NR2B和NR1/NR2A/NR2B在培养7、12与17d皮层神经元均有明显的变化。可见早期无镁细胞外液处理可以诱导发育中大鼠皮层神经元远期NMDAR亚基mRNA表达的改变。     

营养器官维管系统在树木分类上的应用

<正>一、前言 植物分类是一门古老的基础学科,它的产生、形成和发展,从本草分类、机械分类、自然分类直到今天的系统分类,经历了漫长的岁月,已经取得了很大的进步,形成了传统的分类理论。这个分类是以形态地理为基础的,在被子植物方面更是以花为分类的主要根据,理由是植物的生殖器官有着稳定的遗传性,它能够反映植物类群间的亲缘关系和系统发育规律,至今广泛应用,在分类学科中起着重大的作用。     

Two methods of catecholamine depletion in kitten visual cortex yield different effects on plasticity

As first clearly demonstrated by the experiments of Wiesel and Hubel, the developing visual cortex is exquisitely sensitive to sensory deprivation. Temporary closure of one eye of a kitten during a critical period that extends from 3 weeks to 3 months of age results in a dramatic cortical reorganization such that most neurones, originally binocularly driven, are dominated exclusively by the open eye. Recently, attention has been directed to chemical factors which may influence the degree of plasticity during the critical period. The work of Kasamatsu and pettigrew suggests that cortical catecholamines, especially noradrenaline (NA), are essential for the normal plastic response to visual deprivation. In an effort to clarify the role of NA in visual cortical plasticity, we have monocularly deprived kittens whose cortex had been depleted of catecholamines by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We used two strategies to deplete cortical NA: the first, pioneered by Kasamatsu el al., utilized osmotic minipumps to deliver 6-OHDA to visual cortex; the second involved systemic neonatal injections of 6-OHDA, a technique which has proved effective in rodents. We found, using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), that both techniques produced a substantial reduction in the level of cortical NA. However, single unit recording in area 17 revealed that the plastic response to monocular deprivation (MD) was only diminished in the kittens depleted by minipump.     

TGF-β1在空腹血糖调节受损伴白内障患者眼LECs的表达及意义

比较IFG患者与年龄相关性白内障及Ⅱ型糖尿病伴白内障患者眼LECs中TGF-β1 mRNA表达;探讨TGF—β1在IFG阶段时对白内障发生、发展的影响及其作用机制。60例（60只眼）行超声乳化白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术的患者,根据血糖浓度分为单纯年龄相关性白内障组21人（21只眼）,IFG伴白内障组19人（19只眼）,Ⅱ型糖尿病伴白内障患者20人（20只眼）,术中取晶状体前囊膜（LECs）,提取总RNA,采用RT—PCR方法,检测各样本LECs中TGF-β1 mRNA表达;凝胶成像并作半定量灰度分析。结果表示：IFG伴白内障患者及糖尿病伴白内障患者LECs中TGF-β1的mRNA表达水平高于单纯年龄相关性白内障组平均水平,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。IFG伴白内障患者与糖尿病伴白内障患者LECs中TGF-β1的mRNA表达水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。因此可知,IFG患者TGF-β1表达水平异常,可能加速晶状体混浊,影响白内障的发生与发展。     

HLA class II induction in human islet cells by interferon-gamma plus tumour necrosis factor or lymphotoxin

HLA class II molecules are surface glycoproteins which are essential in the initiation of immune responses. It has been postulated that induction of class II in epithelial cells such as endocrine cells, which are normally class II negative, may result in autoimmunity. In type I diabetes, islet beta cells, the target of the autoimmune process, selectively express class II antigens. But in contrast to most other cell types, islet beta cells are not stimulated to express class II by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and thus the conditions under which this induction occurs have been particularly elusive. The cytotoxins tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT) synergize with IFN-gamma in a number of activities. We report here that IFN-gamma in combination with either TNF or LT induces islet cell class II expression. This finding has important implications for the pathogenesis of type I diabetes and the understanding of the differential control of class II expression.     

Structural insights into yeast septin organization from polarized fluorescence microscopy

Septins are polymerizing GTPases that function in cortical organization and cell division. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae they localize at the isthmus between the mother and the daughter cells, where they undergo a transition from a non-dynamic hourglass-shaped assembly to two separate rings, at the onset of cytokinesis. Septins form filaments as pure protein and in vivo, but the filament organization within the hourglass and ring structures is controversial. Here, we use polarized fluorescence microscopy of orientationally constrained green fluorescent protein to determine septin filament organization and dynamics in living yeast. We found that the hourglass is made of filaments aligned along the yeast bud neck. During the transition from hourglass to rings the filaments rotate through 90 degrees in the membrane plane and become circumferential. These data resolve a long-standing controversy in the field and provide strong evidence that septins have a mechanical function in cell division.     

Spatial control of actin organization at adherens junctions by a synaptotagmin-like protein Btsz

Epithelial tissues maintain a robust architecture during development. This fundamental property relies on intercellular adhesion through the formation of adherens junctions containing E-cadherin molecules. Localization of E-cadherin is stabilized through a pathway involving the recruitment of actin filaments by E-cadherin. Here we identify an additional pathway that organizes actin filaments in the apical junctional region (AJR) where adherens junctions form in embryonic epithelia. This pathway is controlled by Bitesize (Btsz), a synaptotagmin-like protein that is recruited in the AJR independently of E-cadherin and is required for epithelial stability in Drosophila embryos. On loss of btsz, E-cadherin is recruited normally to the AJR, but is not stabilized properly and actin filaments fail to form a stable continuous network. In the absence of E-cadherin, actin filaments are stable for a longer time than they are in btsz mutants. We identify two polarized cues that localize Btsz: phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, to which Btsz binds; and Par-3. We show that Btsz binds to the Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin protein Moesin, an F-actin-binding protein that is localized apically and is recruited in the AJR in a btsz-dependent manner. Expression of a dominant-negative form of Ezrin that does not bind F-actin phenocopies the loss of btsz. Thus, our data indicate that, through their interaction, Btsz and Moesin may mediate the proper organization of actin in a local domain, which in turn stabilizes E-cadherin. These results provide a mechanism for the spatial order of actin organization underlying junction stabilization in primary embryonic epithelia.     

Site-specific phosphorylation induces disassembly of vimentin filaments in vitro

Intermediate filaments are a major component of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Although there appear to be at least five distinct classes of these filaments, cells of mesenchymal origin and most cells in culture contain the intermediate filament composed of the subunit protein vimentin. Vimentin exists in a nonphosphorylated as well as in a phosphorylated form, and there is increased phosphorylation of this protein when the filament undergoes marked redistribution in various cells. The role of phosphorylation on assembly-disassembly and organization of the vimentin filament has remained obscure. We report here a stable and purified system allowing biochemical examination of vimentin filament assembly and disassembly. Using this in vitro system, we carried out stoichiometrical phosphorylations, using purified protein kinases. We obtained evidence for site-specific, phosphorylation-dependent disassembly of the vimentin filament.     

Cytochalasin D does not produce net depolymerization of actin filaments in HEp-2 cells

The altered morphology, disappearance or 'disruption' of actin filaments (microfilaments) in cells treated with cytochalasin has sometimes been attributed to depolymerization of filamentous actin (F-actin) to its globular subunit (G-actin), but attempts to confirm that mechanism have been inconclusive. Treatment of purified actin filaments with cytochalasin B (CB) decreased their viscosity, consistent with depolymerization, which was not, however, revealed by electron microscopy, although the filaments appeared abnormal. CB also increased the ATP-ase activity of F-actin, suggesting that it had been destabilized, while actin filaments in the acrosomal process were not depolymerized. CB or cytochalasin D (CD) can dissolve actin gels (reviewed in ref. 7, see also refs 8 and 9) without depolymerizing their filaments. The 'disrupted' actin structures in CD-treated cells bound heavy meromysin, indicating that at least some of the cellular actin was filamentous. Using a rapid assay for G- and F-actin in cell extracts, based on the inhibition of DNase I, we have found that neither short-nor long-term exposure of HEp-2 cells to CD produce net depolymerization of actin filaments.     

Moesin functions antagonistically to the Rho pathway to maintain epithelial integrity

Two prominent characteristics of epithelial cells, apical-basal polarity and a highly ordered cytoskeleton, depend on the existence of precisely localized protein complexes associated with the apical plasma membrane, and on a separate machinery that regulates the spatial order of actin assembly. ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) proteins have been proposed to link transmembrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton in the apical domain, suggesting a structural role in epithelial cells, and they have been implicated in signalling pathways. Here, we show that the sole Drosophila ERM protein Moesin functions to promote cortical actin assembly and apical-basal polarity. As a result, cells lacking Moesin lose epithelial characteristics and adopt invasive migratory behaviour. Our data demonstrate that Moesin facilitates epithelial morphology not by providing an essential structural function, but rather by antagonizing activity of the small GTPase Rho. Thus, Moesin functions in maintaining epithelial integrity by regulating cell-signalling events that affect actin organization and polarity. Furthermore, our results show that there is negative feedback between ERM activation and activity of the Rho pathway.     

中国对虾精子发生及受精细胞学

中国对虾（ＰｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＯｓｂｅｃｋ１７６５）属于节肢动物门,有鳃亚门,甲壳纲,软甲亚纲,十足目,游泳亚目,对虾科,对虾亚科,对虾属,是我国最重要的经济虾类,主要分布在我国渤海、黄海,东海北部也有少量分布。常与墨吉对虾混栖。到目前为...     

Antibodies to paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease do not recognize normal brain proteins

During ageing of the human brain, and particularly in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD), many neurones progressively accumulate abnormal cytoplasmic fibres, called paired helical filaments (PHF). Each such fibre consists of a pair of intermediate (10 nm) filaments twisted into a double helix with a periodicity of 160 nm. PHF accumulate in large perikaryal masses, called neurofibrillary tangles, and are also found in degenerating cortical neurites that form neurite plaques. The density of PHF-containing neurites and cell bodies correlates with the degree of dementia and the extent of loss of cholinergic neurotransmitter function in AD. Recently, we demonstrated that PHF from human cerebral cortex are large, rigid polymers with unusual molecular properties, including insolubility in SDS, urea and other denaturing solvents and apparent resistance to protease digestion. These properties have so far prevented complete purification and analysis of the constituents of PHF. Based on their insolubility, we have developed a new method of preparing highly enriched PHF fractions and have raised an antiserum that is highly specific for PHF. We report here that this antiserum specifically labels PHF, free of any associated normal fibrous proteins and, unexpectedly, it reacts with neither neurofilaments nor any other normal cytoskeletal protein in brain sections or on immunoblotted gels. These anti-PHF antibodies have been used for the specific detection of Alzheimer-type PHF and in the search for cross-reacting antigens in various tissues, and are suitable for immunoaffinity purification of PHF. Our results indicate that PHF contain determinants that are not shared with normal neuronal fibrous proteins.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ及其受体在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

观察不同浓度血管紧张素Ⅱ及其受体在氧化低密度脂蛋白(OXLDL)内皮受体LOXI基因表达中的作用，且探讨其机制，应用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法。结果表明，血管紧张素Ⅱ能够上调LOXI的mRNA水平，并存在剂量依赖性应用Ⅰ型血管紧张素Ⅱ阻断剂Losartan能抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ对LOXI的上调作用、血管紧张素Ⅱ可显著上调LOXIl的基因表达，此作用是通过激活血管紧张素Ⅰ型受体实现的。     

Expression of neurofilament gene in spinal motoneurons during neural regeneration

The techniquein situ hybridization was used to measure the levels of light (NF-L), medium (NF-M) and heavy (NF-H) neurofilament protein subunits mRNA in L_4-6 spinal motoneurons in adult rat during regeneration following a unilateral crush of the sciatic nerve. It was found that the hybridization signals of each neurofilament subunit rnRNA were dramatically decreased in spinal motoneurons postaxotomy by light microscopy. The hybridization signals of NF-L and NF-M mRNA were located in cytoplasm of neurons, whereas NF-H mRNA was found in both nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons. Image analysis showed that the encoding levels of mRNA for each of neurofilament subunit mRNA reduced on the 3rd d and returned to control levels on the 28th d following the lesion. The relative levels of mRNA coding for each neurofilament subunit were significantly different. The lowest level of NF-L mRNA was observed at 5 d postaxotomy, and that of NF-M, NF-H mRNA on the 7th and 10th d after injury. Moreover, the levels of HF-M and NF-H mRNA were reduced much lower and lasted much longer than that of NF-L mRNA. The observations suggest that there were different mechanisms for the regulation of neurofilament subunit genes expression. The reduced neurofilament gene expression may be due to a response to axonal injury and advance the restructure of axonal architecture.