铜催化芳杂环C-H键区域选择性芳基化的研究进展

铜作为一种廉价、新型的芳环C-H键官能团化反应催化剂,近年来一直是有机化学和催化化学的研究热点和难点之一.依据参与反应的底物的不同,综述近年来文献报道的铜催化芳杂环C-H键区域选择性芳基化反应及其机理的最新研究进展.     

Understanding and exploiting C-H bond activation

The selective transformation of ubiquitous but inert C H bonds to other functional groups has far-reaching practical implications, ranging from more efficient strategies for fine chemical synthesis to the replacement of current petrochemical feedstocks by less expensive and more readily available alkanes. The past twenty years have seen many examples of C-H bond activation at transition-metal centres, often under remarkably mild conditions and with high selectivity. Although profitable practical applications have not yet been developed, our understanding of how these organometallic reactions occur, and what their inherent advantages and limitations for practical alkane conversion are, has progressed considerably. In fact, the recent development of promising catalytic systems highlights the potential of organometallic chemistry for useful C-H bond activation strategies that will ultimately allow us to exploit Earth's alkane resources more efficiently and cleanly.     

Catalytic functionalization of unactivated primary C-H bonds directed by an alcohol

New synthetic methods for the catalytic functionalization of C-H bonds have the potential to revolutionize the synthesis of complex molecules. However, the realization of this synthetic potential requires the ability to functionalize selectively one C-H bond in a compound containing many such bonds and an array of functional groups. The site-selective functionalization of aliphatic C-H bonds is one of the greatest challenges that must be met for C-H bond functionalization to be used widely in complex-molecule synthesis, and processes catalysed by transition-metals provide the opportunity to control selectivity. Current methods for catalytic, aliphatic C-H bond functionalization typically rely on the presence of one inherently reactive C-H bond, or on installation and subsequent removal of directing groups that are not components of the desired molecule. To overcome these limitations, we sought catalysts and reagents that would facilitate aliphatic C-H bond functionalization at a single site, with chemoselectivity derived from the properties of the catalyst and site-selectivity directed by common functional groups contained in both the reactant and the desired product. Here we show that the combination of an iridium-phenanthroline catalyst and a dihydridosilane reagent leads to the site-selective γ-functionalization of primary C-H bonds controlled by a hydroxyl group, the most common functional group in natural products. The scope of the reaction encompasses alcohols and ketones bearing many substitution patterns and auxiliary functional groups; this broad scope suggests that this methodology will be suitable for the site-selective and diastereoselective functionalization of complex natural products.     

Formation of thermally stable alkylidene layers on a catalytically active surface

Materials containing organic-inorganic interfaces usually display a combination of molecular and solid-state properties, which are of interest for applications ranging from chemical sensing to microelectronics and catalysis. Thiols--organic compounds carrying a SH group--are widely used to anchor organic layers to gold surfaces, because gold is catalytically sufficiently active to replace relatively weak S-H bonds with Au-S bonds, yet too inert to attack C-C and C-H bonds in the organic layer. But although several methods of functionalizing the surfaces of semiconductors, oxides and metals are known, it remains difficult to attach a wide range of more complex organic species. Organic layers could, in principle, be formed on the surfaces of metals that are capable of inserting into strong bonds, but such surfaces catalyse the decomposition of organic layers at temperatures above 400 to 600 K, through progressive C-H and C-C bond breaking. Here we report that cycloketones adsorbed on molybdenum carbide, a material known to catalyse a variety of hydrocarbon conversion reactions, transform into surface-bound alkylidenes stable to above 900 K. We expect that this chemistry can be used to create a wide range of exceptionally stable organic layers on molybdenum carbide.     

Activation of remote meta-C-H bonds assisted by an end-on template

Functionalization of unactivated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) single bonds is an efficient strategy for rapid generation of complex molecules from simpler ones. However, it is difficult to achieve selectivity when multiple inequivalent C-H bonds are present in the target molecule. The usual approach is to use σ-chelating directing groups, which lead to ortho-selectivity through the formation of a conformationally rigid six- or seven-membered cyclic pre-transition state. Despite the broad utility of this approach, proximity-driven reactivity prevents the activation of remote C-H bonds. Here we report a class of easily removable nitrile-containing templates that direct the activation of distal meta-C-H bonds (more than ten bonds away) of a tethered arene. We attribute this new mode of C-H activation to a weak 'end-on' interaction between the linear nitrile group and the metal centre. The 'end-on' coordination geometry relieves the strain of the cyclophane-like pre-transition state of the meta-C-H activation event. In addition, this template overrides the intrinsic electronic and steric biases as well as ortho-directing effects with two broadly useful classes of arene substrates (toluene derivatives and hydrocinnamic acids).     

氟代芳基碳酸酯与氨基甲酸酯中氢键的理论研究

运用 AIM理论在 B97D 水平上计算了2-丁炔-1，4-二基二（2，3，4，5，6-五氟苯基碳酸酯）1，2-丁炔-1，4-二基二（4-氟苯基碳酸酯）2及2-丁炔-1，4-二基二（2，3，4，5，6-五氟苯氨基甲酸酯）3中的分子间有机氟 C -H…F -C 氢键．这些分子间氢键为闭壳相互作用．尽管晶体1中 H…F 距离接近经典氢键，但是该有机氟氢键仍为弱氢键．NBO 分析表明，研究的有机氟 C -H…F -C 氢键存在明显的电荷转移，用电荷转移合理地解释了分子1采取顺式结构．     

生物柴油多组分替代混合物化学反应路径分析

采用MD、MD9D和正庚烷三组分作为生物柴油混合替代物,替代物机理包含3 299种组分、10 806个基元反应。应用CHEMKIN-PRO反应速率分析法对燃烧氧化过程中燃料分子高低温主要反应路径和重要中间组分衍化过程进行了详细探究。结果表明:MD和MD9D在低温阶段主要通过脱氢加氧、异构化反应以及酮类物质的分解反应进行消耗,高温阶段主要是低温反应中间产物C—O、C—C键β分解反应、部分高温脱氢以及异构化反应最终生成C_2H_4等小分子产物。另外,MD和MD9D中不同碳原子位置C—H键能不同,邻近羧基以及C≡C双键碳原子处C—H键较弱,易发生脱氢反应生成烷酯基。在过氧酯基异构化生成过氧羧酯基过程中,不同环数过渡环张力大小以及反应势垒不同,异构化难易程度不同,而六元过渡环的张力较小,反应势垒较低,最易发生异构化反应,异构化反应产物更多。     

Radical Reactions and Its Synthetic Application

1 Introduction Strategies involving radical reactions have become preeminent tools in organic synthesis. Free radical-mediated cyclization has developed as a powerful method for preparing various types of cyclic compounds via carbon-carbon bond-forming processes. In order to develop effective and convenient methods for the synthesis of biologically active cyclic amines, we have focused our efforts on radical reactions using aldehydes, ketones, and C-C multiple bonds as a radical precursor and…     

The remarkable metal-catalysed olefin metathesis reaction

Catalytic olefin metathesis--through which pairs of C = C bonds are reorganized--transforms simple molecules to those that are complex and precious. This class of reactions has noticeably enriched chemical synthesis, which is the art of preparing scarce molecules with highly desirable properties (for example, medicinal agents or polymeric materials). Research in the past two decades has yielded structurally well-defined catalysts for olefin metathesis that are used to synthesize an array of molecules with unprecedented efficiency. Nonetheless, the full potential of olefin metathesis will be realized only when additional catalysts are discovered that are truly practical and afford exceptional selectivity for a significantly broader range of reactions.     

稀土配合物La2（m-MOBA）6（Phen）2的合成和晶体结构表征

本文介绍了标题化合物La2（m-MOBA）6（Phen）2（m-MOBA：间甲氧基苯甲酸;Phen：邻菲啉）（1）的合成和晶体结构.化合物1中两个La^3＋分别与来自配体m-MOBA羧基的7个0及1个邻菲啉的2个N配位构成9配位的畸变三帽三棱柱几何构型的LaO77N2中心.羧酸氧原子以螯合、桥联、螯合桥联三种形式与La^3＋配位,邻菲啉的氮原子与La^3＋螯合配位.配合物分子之间存在着π-π堆积、C—H…O氢键、C—H…π氢键和C—H…H—C二氢键分子间弱作用力。化合物晶体属于三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,晶胞参数：a=1.0549nm,b=1.1813nm,c=1.4518nm,a=108.9910（1）°,β=94.9630（1）°,γ=107.7130（1）°,V=1.5945nm^3,Z=1,Dc=1.609g.cm^-3,μ=1.400mm^-1,F（000）=776,R=0.0208,Rw=0.0544,Mr=1545.04.     

~1J_(CH)和~1J_(CC)核自旋偶合常数的最大重迭对称性分子轨道计算

利用AM1级别上最大重迭对称性分子轨道法及自然杂化轨道方法,计算了系列烃类化合物分子中各原子的电荷分布和杂化轨道组成系数,拟合出计算C-H及C-C偶合常数的简单关系式,计算了各种烃类分子中不同的C-H键和C-C键偶合常数,计算值和实验数据相一致,为计算1JCH和1JCC提供了一种简便直观的方法.     

表面活性氧物种对A-H(A=C,O,N)键活化机理的研究进展

表面吸附态活性氧物种如O~*、OH~*等对H_2O、CH_3OH、CH_4、NH_3所含O-H、C-H以及N-H键的活化有着十分重要的作用,其调控行为与催化剂的本身电子结构、氧物种的碱性以及A-H中H原子的酸性等有着非常密切的关系.通过表面吸附氧物种的修饰可以有效地控制A-H键的活化程度,从而达到调控反应的目的.利用40篇文献综述了近些年来理论科学工作者在该方面的研究成果,期望为实验工作提供有价值的理论指导依据.     

Hydrogen Peroxide in Fluorinated Alcohols：A Potent and Selective Oxidative System

1 Introduction Fluorinated alcohols such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol and 2,2,2-trifluoroetanol have particular properties compared to non-fluorinated ones and could provoke changes in the course of reactions in these solvents. Their specific properties are connected mainly to the strong hydrogen bond donor ability and solvation of nuclephiles on one side, and weak hydrogen bond acceptor strength and weak solvation of electrophiles on the other. This dichotomy makes them very attractiv…     

Advances and perspectives in catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons in liquid phase

This review article summarizes recent advances in catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons,especially presents two strategies for activation of C-H bonds or molecular oxygen.Based on our own research results,the applications of the two methods in the oxidation of cyclohexane,toluene and ethyl benzene,etc.are introduced,and the perspectives of the two methods are also discussed.     

离子液体及其在偶联反应中的应用

离子液体易于循环利用从而减少对环境的污染，已从许多实验得到证实。而离子液体中的偶联反应是合成C-C键最有效方法之一，近几年来一直是催化化学和有机合成的研究热点。本文简要介绍离子液体的分类、物理化学特性、合成，及离子液体在偶联反应中的应用。     

Recognition and sensing of anions through synergistic effects using simple benzimidazolium-urea receptors

Benzimidazolium-based receptors 1-3 were designed and synthesized. On the basis of fluorescence, UV-Vis, and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies, and X-ray single crystal structure analysis, it was confirmed that the receptor 1 displays strong (C-H)+···X, N-H···X hydrogen bonds and charge-charge interactions with anions. More importantly, these investigations demonstrated that the charged (C-H)+ benzimidazolium and urea moieties play a synergistic role in anion recognition.     

新型抗癌异噁唑啉基咪唑[1,2-a]吡啶C-核甙类化合物的合成

以异恶唑啉基环取代呋喃核糖环（ribose ring)，成功地合成了一系列咪唑[1,2-a]吡啶C－核甙化合物的衍生物3和4（其中碱基和异恶唑啉基环之间以C－C化学键方式连接），这两种异构体中N和O原子处于相互交换的位置，分别可以利用相应的烯烃和腈氧化物中间体进行偶极环合加成反应制得，其中衍生物4c显示出一定的抗HIV－1活性。     

2-羟基喹啉合成新方法研究

本研究利用简单的乙酰苯胺和丙烯酸酯作为起始原料,在过硫酸钾做氧化剂,水合对甲苯磺酸做添加剂的条件下,通过钯催化的C-H键活化/C-C键生成/环化串联反应以46%~95%收率合成了一系列2-羟基喹啉衍生物.本研究为2-羟基喹啉衍生物的合成提供了实用的合成方法.     

β-环糊精紫杉醇包合物超分子结构的密度泛函理论研究

本文研究了β-环糊精包裹紫杉醇形成的超分子包合物。用密度泛函（DFT）PBE方法对超分子包合物进行结构优化得到稳定几何结构,分析结构表明β-环糊精与紫杉醇通过O—H…O、C—H…O和C-Ч…π氢键的相互作用,形成稳定的包合物。稳定包合物的结合能为-30．93keal／mol。     

反-环己二醇二（吡咯-2-）羧酸酯的合成与晶体结构

合成了反式环己二醇二（吡咯-2-）羧酸酯,利用X-射线单晶衍射技术在室温下测定了该化合物的晶体结构。结果表明,标题化合物处于单斜晶系,C2／c空间群,晶胞参数为：α=1．8327（18）nm,b=0．8553（9）nm,c=1．0122（10）nm,a=γ=90°,β=106．037（12）°,V=1．525（3）nm^3,Z=4。在晶体结构中,环己烷部分采用了椅式构像,同时标题化舍物是G对称的;整个分子通过N—H…O氢键形成一维柱状结构,在C-H…π弱相互作用的帮助下进一步形成二维层状结构;化合物的红外光谱也进一步表明分子间存在N-H…0氢键相互作用。