东营凹陷古近系烃源岩成熟度特征

应用多种有机地球化学成熟度参数,对东营凹陷古近系烃源岩的成熟度随深度的演化特征进行了研究.结果表明,甾、萜的异构化参数、脱羟基维生素E的w(β)/w(γ)值、热解转化率、饱和烃碳优势指数(CPI)和奇偶优势值(OEP)指数可以有效地确定烃源岩的成熟门限;而镜质体反射率、热解最高峰温和烃指数等是划分烃源岩更高成熟阶段的有效指标.综合利用多种指标确定烃源岩的成熟度,最终可将东营凹陷烃源岩有机质热演化划分出5个阶段(1)未成熟生物化学作用阶段,对应深度为0～1 800 m;(2)低熟油生成阶段,对应深度为1 800～2600 m;(3)成熟阶段,对应深度为2600～3900m;(4)高成熟阶段,对应深度为3900～5100 m;(5)过成熟阶段,对应深度大于5100m.东营凹陷古近系主力烃源岩层主要处于成熟和高成熟阶段,常规成熟门限较深,因而具有良好的油气保存条件,适合油气的保存,这也是东营凹陷油多气少的根本原因.     

准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷平地泉组烃源岩地球化学特征

对准噶尔盆地腹部东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩地球化学特征进行评价,通过对烃源岩有机质丰度、类型与成熟度及烃源岩厚度特征分析表明,平地泉组发育湖相泥岩,在凹陷内分布广泛、厚度大,为东道海子凹陷的主力烃源岩;凹陷东北部滴南地区平地泉组烃源岩为中等-好的烃源岩,有机质类型为Ⅱ2型-Ⅲ型,热演化达到成熟-生油高峰阶段;平地泉组门限深度为2 350m,生油高峰深度为2 900m左右。结合邻区资料,认为东道海子凹陷主体平地泉组烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型较好,达到生油高峰-高成熟阶段,具有较高的资源潜力。     

东营凹陷沙三段源岩排烃特征及潜力评价

东营凹陷透镜体岩性油气藏主要分布在沙三中亚段,但沙三中亚段烃源岩能否成为有效油气供给源岩一直存在争议。根据排烃门限理论,利用生烃潜力法对东营凹陷沙三段上、中、下三个亚段烃源岩的排烃特征进行了研究并对其资源潜力进行了评价。沙三上、中、下三套烃源岩的主要排烃期均为明化镇组沉积时期,排烃门限深度分别为2500m,2650m和2600m。三套烃源岩的总排烃量和总资源量分别为58.41×10⁸t和25.12×10⁸t,其中沙三下亚段烃源岩的排烃量和资源量均占总数77%以上,而沙三中亚段占16%,沙三上亚段则仅为7%。综合分析认为,沙三下亚段为岩性油藏的主力烃源岩之一,沙三中亚段对岩性油藏成藏贡献不大,为非主力烃源岩。     

乐亭凹陷泥质烃源岩初步评价

为开展中古生界地质综合评价,明确乐亭凹陷及周边地区中古生界勘探方向与勘探目标,根据乐亭凹陷以及周边的测井资料,经过对其泥岩岩样的地化分析,应用所测岩样中有机碳含量（TOC）、热解生烃潜量（S1＋S2）、氢指数（IH）、岩石热解烃最高峰温度（Tmax）、镜质体反射率（Ro）等指标,对乐亭凹陷新生界和中生界的两套泥质烃源岩从有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质成熟度三个方面进行初步评价。结果表明,这两套烃源岩为一般-较好烃源岩,有机质类型以Ⅱ2型有机质为主,达到了成熟演化阶段。表明乐亭凹陷下的这两套烃源岩具有一定的生烃潜力。     

准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷油气成因及成藏期次分析

采集东道海子凹陷的烃源岩样品和油气样品,对样品进行有机碳、热解、饱和烃色谱及碳同位素等地球化学分析。在此基础上对东道海子凹陷烃源岩进行评价,研究认为石炭系烃源岩为一套高—过成熟的有机质类型差的中等烃源岩,二叠系烃源岩为一套成熟—高成熟的有机质类型好—较好烃源岩,侏罗系烃源岩为一套成熟的有机质类型差的中等烃源岩。该区油气成因复杂,通过油气的地球化学特征分析及油气源对比分析,结果表明既有来源于二叠系烃源岩的原油和天然气,也有来源于侏罗系的原油,还有来源于石炭系的天然气。油气成因的复杂导致油气成藏期次的多样,油气的成熟度及油气包裹体研究表明,既有一期成藏的油气,也有多期成藏的油气。     

彩南探区二叠系平地泉组烃源岩展布与潜力评价

二叠系平地泉组是准噶尔盆地东部最好也是最主要的生油岩,但目前对于平地泉组烃源岩在彩南探区的具体展布情况研究较少,且各凹陷烃源岩的生烃潜力也需进一步分析。通过连井剖面对比分析、烃源岩热解资料评价以及生烃强度研究,明确了平地泉组烃源岩在研究区周缘凹陷的分布特征以及不同凹陷烃源岩的生烃潜力差异。结果表明:五彩湾凹陷平地泉组烃源岩厚度可达400 m且有机质丰度最高;研究区有机质类型整体以Ⅱ型为主,少数为Ⅰ型;各凹陷烃源岩均进入成熟阶段。综合评价生烃潜力认为,五彩湾凹陷平地泉组烃源岩生烃强度最高,达到形成商业油气聚集的级别;东道海子和阜康凹陷平地泉组烃源岩虽生烃潜力总体上不及五彩湾凹陷,但仍然具有一定的供油和供气能力。     

渤海湾盆地庙西凹陷烃源岩评价及油源分析

运用精细的有机地球化学测试分析和综合对比古生标及油源参数,揭示庙西凹陷内及其周缘烃源岩和原油的地球化学特征,阐明庙西凹陷有效烃源岩展布规律及其与油气分布的关系。庙西凹陷北部主要烃源岩为东营组,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ1—Ⅱ2型,现今处于成熟生烃阶段;庙西凹陷中部主要烃源岩为沙河街组一段和沙河街组三段,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ1型;东营组在该区尚未成熟。庙西凹陷南部主要的烃源岩为沙河街组三段和沙河街组四段。有机质类型主要为Ⅱ1—Ⅱ2型,东营组也未成熟。庙西凹陷各组段有效烃源岩都为周边大—中型油气田的形成提供了重要的油源;与渤海湾盆地晚期成藏有很重要的关系,对其油气勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

海拉尔盆地莫达木吉凹陷下白垩统烃源岩地球化学特征研究

海拉尔盆地莫达木吉凹陷下白垩统是区域油气勘探潜在目标层系,缺乏对烃源岩地球化学特征的详细研究。通过有机地球化学方法对莫达木吉凹陷下白垩统烃源岩地球化学特征进行了研究,认为南屯组(K_1n)和大磨拐河组(K_1d)烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ_2-Ⅲ型为主,差异性主要体现在有机质丰度和成熟度。同时,在恢复埋藏史的基础上建立了研究区主力烃源岩在该地质时期成熟度演化模型,模拟结果显示:大二段烃源岩处于未成熟-低成熟阶,大一段烃源岩处于低成熟阶段;南二段烃源岩处于低成熟-成熟阶段;南一段烃源岩热演化程度相对较高,达到成熟生油气阶段。综合分析得出大磨拐河组(K_1d)烃源岩有机质丰度整体较高,但热演化程度低,生烃潜力小;随着埋深的增加,烃源岩热演化程度增加,到南二段(K_1n_2)开始进入成熟生烃阶段,生烃潜力较大;南一段(K_1n_1)烃源岩有机质丰度低,为差烃源岩,生烃潜力较小。     

有效烃源岩的识别方法

有效烃源岩的识别和评价是含油气系统和油气成藏研究的基础。以往常用有机碳含量下限(0.5％)作为烃源岩是否有效的判识标志。东营凹陷沙河街组厚达1000～1500m的暗色泥岩的有机碳含量大于0.5％,因此长期以来人们把其作为有效烃源岩。对东营凹陷进行精细的油源对比发现,其有效烃源岩绝未达到1000m之厚,对油气藏真正有贡献的主要为沙四上和沙三下亚段有机碳含量在1．5％以上的烃源岩,它们控制了东营凹陷各亿吨级大油田的形成。因此,有效烃源岩下限标准的确立,应以研究区的实际情况而定,可首先通过油源对比确立有效烃源岩层段,然后运用测井方法则除非烃源岩夹层,井获取烃源岩的各项评价参数,从而完成有效烃源岩的识别和评价工作。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷东营组东三段烃源岩排烃特征

为判定南堡凹陷东三段烃源岩的有效性,利用加权平均的方法,对单井烃源岩有机地球化学指标进行计算。采用单井分析测试数据与地震反演、沉积相、构造埋深等资料"点-面"相互结合、验证的方法,对烃源岩的厚度、有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度进行平面预测与评价。在此基础上,应用生烃潜力法对东三段烃源岩的排烃特征进行分析,厘定烃源岩排烃门限,确定东三段存在有效烃源岩。结果表明,东三段烃源岩的主要排烃期为明化镇组沉积时期,排烃门限对应的镜质体反射率为0.82%,对应深度为3 620 m。东三段烃源岩的生烃量和排烃量分别为13.79×10~8 t和5.52×10~8 t。综合而言,东三段烃源岩能够排烃,且在凹陷内属于晚期排烃,具有一定的资源前景。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-