X80管线钢的组织与性能研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电子显微镜等对X80级别管线钢的组织与性能进行了研究.实验结果表明,通过控轧控冷工艺轧制的16 mm厚的X80管线钢的屈服强度达到670 MPa以上时,其屈强比低于0.85,韧脆转变温度低于-60℃,达到了很好的强韧性匹配.细化的针状铁素体有效地改善了实验钢的强度及韧性.X80管线钢中存在两种典型的析出物,一种以Nb,Ti(CN)为主,尺寸较大(50~200 nm);另一种以NbC为主,尺寸细小(小于30 nm).这些纳米级析出物对钢的组织细化和强化起到了重要作用.     

热轧态与回火态 AH80 DB 低碳贝氏体钢组织与冲击韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对热轧态和回火态AH80DB低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织、马氏体/奥氏体( M/A)岛、第二相的析出行为以及晶界取向差、有效晶粒尺寸进行研究,揭示回火后低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性得到改善的原因.结果表明：两种试样的组织均由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成,其中回火态试样中针状铁素体组织较多.热轧态钢中存在较大尺寸M/A岛且呈方向性分布,大角度晶界比例占17.33%,有效晶粒尺寸为3.57μm;而回火态钢中M/A岛的尺寸较小,大角度晶界比例增加3.43%,有效晶粒尺寸减小0.56μm.热轧态钢中析出相主要是( Nb,Ti) C,尺寸在50~150 nm之间,回火态试样中析出较多细小的球状( Nb,Ti) C析出相,尺寸在10 nm左右.     

铁素体基Ti-Mo微合金钢超细碳化物析出规律

利用光学显微镜、透射电镜和能谱分析等方法对两种不同Ti含量的铁素体基Ti--Mo微合金钢中析出相的尺寸、分布特征、析出规律和成分进行了研究.结果表明:钢中绝大多数析出相为超细碳化物,尺寸小于10 nm,析出相尺寸呈正态分布.随着Ti质量分数由0.072%增到0.092%,析出粒子平均尺寸增大,分布峰值向粒子尺寸增大的方向移动.Ti--Mo微合金钢具有栅格状的相间析出方式,栅格间距受冷速的影响较大,晶内和靠近晶界处的栅格间距不同.能谱分析发现,不同尺寸的粒子Mo含量不同,较大颗粒(50 nm左右)析出相中不含Mo,小颗粒(20 nm)中碳化物是Ti和Mo的复合析出相,且随着粒子尺寸的减小,成分中Mo所占比重增大.     

均热时间对含Ti、Nb微合金元素高强钢固溶规律的影响

采用相分析和X射线衍射技术,研究了含Ti、Nb等微合金元素的高强钢中碳氮化物的溶解行为. 结果表明,加热到1 250 ℃,未均热时,主要是面心立方结构的Ti(CN)、(TiNb)(CN)、TiC析出相;均热时间为45 min,部分Ti和Nb继续溶解,析出相转为Ti(CN)、TiC为主,平均颗粒尺寸由300 nm增大为323 nm,此时Ti、Nb固溶已经达到平衡,固溶率分别为64.2%和85.8%. 当保温80 min时,析出相含量基本没有变化,但颗粒尺寸有所增加.     

X70管线钢中含Nb相的析出行为

以首钢生产的某X70管线钢成分为基础,利用Thermo--Calc软件计算了不同温度下钢中析出相的组成、相的析出温度及Nb元素的析出规律,研究了钢中Nb和C含量对Nb析出规律的影响,利用热模拟和扫描电镜等手段分析了钢中Nb合金相的析出温度.结果表明,平衡态下该X70管线钢中的析出相主要为Ti、Nb的碳氮化物、合金渗碳体、Ti4C2S2、MnS、AlN、M7C3和Mo碳化物.Nb析出相主要以Nb和C元素为主,其中固溶Ti和N元素.随Nb和C含量的增加,Nb合金相的析出温度升高,在同一温度下Nb的析出量增加.     

含Nb-Ti-Al的X100管线钢碳氮化物析出研究

基于双亚点阵模型,建立X100管线钢（Nbx,Ti1-x）（CyN1-y）-AlN复合析出热力学模型。热力学模型计算结果表明,1 450～1 100K时,Nb析出量显著增大;1 800～1 400K时,Ti析出速度加快,AlN的析出温度为1 450K左右。TEM观察及EDS分析结果显示,1 173K时,有大量细小（Nb,Ti）（C,N）的析出物产生,Nb与Ti的原子比大于4;1 373K时,Nb与Ti的原子比接近1;1 523K时,以较大长条形、方形析出物为主,Nb与Ti的原子比小于0.43。热力学模型计算结果与JMatpro软件计算结果及EDS统计结果有较好的一致性。     

连铸二冷区温度波动下的第二相粒子析出行为

采用Gleeble-3500热循环模拟试验机研究了PQ700热轧高强钢铸坯表面温度为800~1200益时温度波动对第二相粒子析出的影响,并利用Thermo-calc热力学软件计算PQ700连铸过程中第二相粒子的析出规律。结果表明：温度大于1050益时,由温度波动引起的析出物尺寸变化明显；温度小于900益时,由温度波动引起的析出物数量变化明显；Nb的含量变化对析出相( Nb,Ti) C摩尔分数影响较大；Ti的含量变化对析出相Ti( C,N)有很大影响。     

低碳Nb--Ti二元微合金钢析出过程的演变

建立规则溶液亚点阵模型计算了不同温度(1073～1523 K)下低碳Nb--Ti二元微合金钢(Nb质量分数为0.023%,Ti质量分数为0.012%)中碳氮化物析出相的平衡摩尔分数、化学驱动力和各组元摩尔分数,对微合金钢中析出粒子演变规律进行研究,并利用透射电镜观察及能谱分析验证这种析出模式.计算结果表明,1523 K下析出粒子化学式组成为(Nb0.15Ti0.85)(C0.16N0.84),由富Ti的析出物逐渐过渡至Nb--Ti均匀析出,析出粒子演变顺序为(Nb0.15Ti0.85)(C0.16N0.84)、(NbxTi1-x)(CyN1-y)和(Nb0.5Ti0.5)(C0.56N0.44),与实验结果符合较好.随着温度降低,Ti/Nb质量比逐渐减小,得到的TiC比NbC更难溶.对均匀形核及位错处形核的临界核心尺寸和相对形核速率进行计算,得到最大形核率即可获得最细小第二相尺寸的温度.     

超快冷下X65管线钢微观组织演变及强化机制分析

基于热连轧生产线开发了X65管线钢超快冷新工艺，系统表征了该工艺下实验钢的微观组织特征，并进一步讨论了其强化机制.结果表明，超快冷下X65管线钢微观组织为细小针状铁素体(AF)+准多边形铁素体(QPF)+M/A岛+弱化珠光体(DP)混合组织，有效晶粒尺寸为2.93μm，大角晶界百分比为31.5%;实验钢组织亚结构为细小的块状铁素体，铁素体尺寸分布在200~1000nm;在铁素体基体上析出了大量尺寸＜10nm的Nb(C，N)粒子;实验钢各项力学性能均满足API SPEC 5L标准要求.超快冷工艺下X65管线钢的主要强化机制为细晶强化、固溶强化、位错强化及纳米析出强化的耦合强化，其中纳米析出强化强度贡献值为96.1MPa.     

Nb对转K2弹簧钢中MX析出相的影响

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件,对转K2弹簧钢在400～1600℃存在的平衡析出相及Nb、V在奥氏体相中的固溶规律进行了计算,探讨了各合金元素含量对析出相析出规律的影响,并利用碳萃取复型与透射电镜(TEM)分析了Nb含量对析出相的影响.结果表明:转K2弹簧钢中平衡析出相主要为MX、M7C3、M3C2和AlN;Nb能显著提高MX相的稳定性.TEM分析表明,析出相尺寸变化范围为几纳米到100纳米以上,形态多呈近似球形或圆片状;随Nb含量增加,从低温铁素体中析出的细小颗粒所占比例显著增大,未溶解碳氮化物比例也有所增大,总体而言析出相平均颗粒尺寸得到细化;大颗粒析出相为富Nb的碳化物,而小颗粒为富V的碳化物,这与热力学计算结果相一致.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.