航空钛合金的激光冲击研究

介绍了用激光冲击处理航空材料钛合金TC4提高其力学性能的技术.当利用强激光冲击钛合金表面时,涂层表面形成高幅值冲击波.在冲击波的高压作用下,钛合金表面发生微塑性变形,形成高幅值残余压应力层.激光冲击后,表面压应力层厚度达1 mm以上,压应力达200 MPa以上.随着激光能量的增加,冲击区域的残余应力有增大的趋势,在功率密度由1 GW/cm2增加到5 GW/cm2过程中,其冲击波峰值处的压力线性增加,表面最大残余压应力也相应线性增加;在功率密度为2 GW/cm2时,残余压应力随着次数增加而升高,而且表面硬度也大大提高,从而有效地改善了材料的机械性能,大幅度提高航空材料的疲劳寿命和抗应力腐蚀性能.     

TC4激光冲击表面处理及疲劳性能分析

表面微晶化是提高材料疲劳寿命的主要方法之一,本文钛合金金属构件抗疲劳处理为应用背景,研究了TC4钛合金激光冲击表面微晶化处理方法,试验分析其表面组织和疲劳寿命。结果表明：激光冲击处理后,在材料表面形成了一层厚度约为10μm的细晶组织,材料疲劳寿命提高9-10倍,疲劳断裂开裂源的位置为激光冲击难于冲击到的边角地区和应力集中区域。     

激光冲击表面处理及疲劳性能有限元分析

表面微晶化是提高材料疲劳寿命的主要方法之一。钛合金金属构件抗疲劳处理为应用背景,研究了TC4钛合金激光冲击表面微晶化处理方法,有限元分析其表面组织和疲劳寿命。结果表明:激光冲击处理后,在材料表面形成了一层厚度约为10μm的细晶组织,材料疲劳寿命提高9—10倍,疲劳断裂开裂源的位置为激光冲击难于冲击到的边角地区和应力集中区域。     

QT700球墨铸铁曲轴的激光冲击强化试验

选用不同涂层对QT700曲轴激光冲击处理,研究激光冲击强化条件下,QT700曲轴的硬度和表面残余应力等力学性能的变化.发现在激光冲击过程中,黑漆涂层、铝箔涂层和硅酸乙脂涂层均能有效提高冲击试样的表面硬度和表面应力.经过激光连续冲击后,在曲轴试件表面能形成1.0 mm厚的硬化层,其表面硬度最大能达到590 HV.激光脉冲功率从2.8 GW/cm2提高到3.6GW/cm2时,轴颈表面残余压应力相应由326 MPa提高到495 MPa,两次冲击后提高幅值更大.     

激光冲压钛板小曲率成形技术研究

采用传统的工艺成形钛合金比较困难,因而探索钛合金板材成形的新工艺和新技术具有十分重要的意义。利用激光冲击波技术对钛合金板料进行了成形试验,所采用的激光波长为1.064μm,脉宽约23 ns,能量35 J左右,有效光斑直径为8 mm,脉冲的重复率为0.5 Hz。探讨了激光连续冲击条件下板料成形深度、成形轮廓与激光参数、约束边界条件和冲击路径之间的变化规律。研究结果表明,激光冲击路径不同,产生的最大变形量不同;受冲击区域表面光洁度有明显提高;随激光冲击次数的增加,板料塑性变形越大,成形深度越深。     

多次激光冲击对电子束熔化成形Ti–6Al–4V合金的微观组织及力学性能的影响

激光冲击强化作为一种先进的表面处理技术，利用强激光束产生等离子冲击波，可用来提升增材制造金属构件的力学性能。然而，激光冲击对增材制造金属构件力学性能的影响机制仍不清晰。本文研究了多次激光冲击对电子束增材制造（EBM）Ti–6Al–4V钛合金的微观组织及力学性能的影响。系统地分析了多次激光冲击前后电子束增材制造Ti–6Al–4V钛合金试样的微观组织、表面形貌、残余应力及拉伸性能。通过x射线计算机断层扫描三维成像技术分析了激光冲击前后电子束成形试样的内部孔隙分布。研究结果表明，经过两次激光冲击强化处理，可以降低电子束成形Ti–6Al–4V合金试样内部孔隙，细化表层晶粒；两次激光冲击强化后试样抗拉强度提升了12%。此外，试样表层应力状态发生改变，表层产生的最大残余压应力达到419 MPa，影响层深度达到700 μm。多次激光冲击提升EBM成形钛合金力学性能的强化机制可归结为α相的晶粒细化与较深的残余压应力层的形成。     

激光冲击、喷丸及其复合强化对TB6钛合金表面完整性及轴向疲劳性能的影响

 为了提升TB6钛合金旋翼的疲劳性能,研究了喷丸、激光冲击及两者的复合工艺等3种表面强化方法对钛合金表面完整性及高周疲劳性能的影响规律。采用白光干涉仪、X射线残余应力测试仪和扫描电子显微镜分别对加工前后试样的表面形貌、表面残余应力分布和微观组织等表面完整性特征参数进行了表征,并采用疲劳试验机分别测试了轴向应力疲劳寿命和疲劳极限。结果表明,在相同加载条件下,相比磨削试样,采用单一的激光冲击试样的轴向应力疲劳寿命提高了32.2倍,而单一的喷丸和激光冲击+喷丸复合强化的试样疲劳寿命均提高了至少126.4倍。激光冲击+喷丸复合强化表现出比单一的喷丸强化更优的疲劳极限增益效果。     

激光冲击强化对熔覆后TC4钛合金性能的提高

对TC4钛合金的熔覆试样进行激光冲击强化试验,比较了激光冲击强化前后试样的显微硬度、表面残余应力、显微组织和疲劳性能.TC4钛合金熔覆后,修复区表面残余拉应力为225 MPa,激光冲击强化消除了熔覆产生的拉应力,产生了449 MPa的残余压应力,在基体残留的压应力高达672 MPa;激光冲击强化后,修复区硬度由强化前的333 HV提高到381 HV.TEM显示:3次冲击后,在TC4材料表面形成了纳米晶层.对强化前后的激光熔覆试样进行高周疲劳试验,结果表明:激光冲击强化提高熔覆后钛合金疲劳强度达15.8%.经分析,冲击后细化晶粒和残余压应力对高周疲劳性能的提高起到了关键作用.     

激光冲击强化对熔覆后TC4钛合金性能的提高

对TC4钛合金的熔覆试样进行激光冲击强化试验,比较了激光冲击强化前后试样的显微硬度、表面残余应力、显微组织和疲劳性能.TC4钛合金熔覆后,修复区表面残余拉应力为225 MPa,激光冲击强化消除了熔覆产生的拉应力,产生了449 MPa的残余压应力,在基体残留的压应力高达672 MPa;激光冲击强化后,修复区硬度由强化前的333 HV提高到381 HV.TEM显示:3次冲击后,在TC4材料表面形成了纳米晶层.对强化前后的激光熔覆试样进行高周疲劳试验,结果表明:激光冲击强化提高熔覆后钛合金疲劳强度达15.8％.经分析,冲击后细化晶粒和残余压应力对高周疲劳性能的提高起到了关键作用.     

激光冲击TC4残余应力场的试验及有限元分析

为提高钛合金的疲劳强度,采用Nd:Glass强脉冲激光对TC4钛合金表面进行冲击强化处理,采用X射线应力仪对冲击区的残余应力场进行测试,并采用ABAQUS有限元仿真软件对其残余应力场进行分析计算.结果表明,激光冲击使材料表面残留较大幅度的残余压应力,当激光功率密度为3 GW.cm-2时,表面残余压应力值高达400 MPa,残余压应力层的深度约为0.6 mm.有限元分析结果与试验测试值有较好的一致性.不同激光功率密度下残余应力场的有限元分析结果表明,激光功率密度大于1.6 GW.cm-2,冲击区将产生残余压应力,随着功率密度的增加,残余压应力增加并趋于饱和,分析结果可为激光冲击工艺参数的优化提供理论依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-