Proton translocation by cytochrome c oxidase.

Cell respiration in mitochondria and some bacteria is catalysed by cytochrome c oxidase, which reduces O2 to water, coupled with translocation of four protons across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane. The enzyme's catalytic cycle consists of a reductive phase, in which the oxidized enzyme receives electrons from cytochrome c, and an oxidative phase, in which the reduced enzyme is oxidized by O2. Previous studies indicated that proton translocation is coupled energetically only to the oxidative phase, but this has been challenged. Here, with the purified enzyme inlaid in liposomes, we report time-resolved measurements of membrane potential, which show that half of the electrical charges due to proton-pumping actually cross the membrane during reduction after a preceding oxidative phase. pH measurements confirm that proton translocation also occurs during reduction, but only when immediately preceded by an oxidative phase. We conclude that all the energy for proton translocation is conserved in the enzyme during its oxidation by O2. One half of it is utilized for proton-pumping during oxidation, but the other half is unlatched for this purpose only during re-reduction of the enzyme.     

Proton-coupled electron transfer drives the proton pump of cytochrome c oxidase

Electron transfer in cell respiration is coupled to proton translocation across mitochondrial and bacterial membranes, which is a primary event of biological energy transduction. The resulting electrochemical proton gradient is used to power energy-requiring reactions, such as ATP synthesis. Cytochrome c oxidase is a key component of the respiratory chain, which harnesses dioxygen as a sink for electrons and links O2 reduction to proton pumping. Electrons from cytochrome c are transferred sequentially to the O2 reduction site of cytochrome c oxidase via two other metal centres, Cu(A) and haem a, and this is coupled to vectorial proton transfer across the membrane by a hitherto unknown mechanism. On the basis of the kinetics of proton uptake and release on the two aqueous sides of the membrane, it was recently suggested that proton pumping by cytochrome c oxidase is not mechanistically coupled to internal electron transfer. Here we have monitored translocation of electrical charge equivalents as well as electron transfer within cytochrome c oxidase in real time. The results show that electron transfer from haem a to the O2 reduction site initiates the proton pump mechanism by being kinetically linked to an internal vectorial proton transfer. This reaction drives the proton pump and occurs before relaxation steps in which protons are taken up from the aqueous space on one side of the membrane and released on the other.     

Identification of the electron transfers in cytochrome oxidase that are coupled to proton-pumping

Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase is a functionally complex, membrane-bound respiratory enzyme which catalyses both the reduction of O2 to water and proton-pumping. During respiration, an exogenous donor, cytochrome c, donates four electrons to O2 bound at the bimetallic haem alpha 3 Fe-Cu centre within the enzyme. These four electron transfers are mediated by the enzyme's haem alpha and CuA redox centres and result in the translocation of four protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The molecular mechanism of proton translocation has not yet been delineated, however, and in the absence of direct experimental evidence all four electron transfers have been assumed to couple equally to proton-pumping. Here, I report the effects of proton-motive force and membrane potential on two equilibria involving intermediates of the bimetallic centre at different levels of O2 reduction. The results show that only two of the electron transfers, to the 'peroxy' and 'oxyferryl' intermediates of the bimetallic centre, are linked to proton translocation, a finding which strongly constrains candidate mechanisms for proton-pumping.     

Reduction of cytochrome c oxidase by a second electron leads to proton translocation

Cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of cellular respiration in mitochondria and many bacteria, reduces O(2) to water. This four-electron reduction process is coupled to translocation (pumping) of four protons across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane; however, proton pumping is poorly understood. Proton pumping was thought to be linked exclusively to the oxidative phase, that is, to the transfer of the third and fourth electron. Upon re-evaluation of these data, however, this proposal has been questioned, and a transport mechanism including proton pumping in the reductive phase--that is, during the transfer of the first two electrons--was suggested. Subsequently, additional studies reported that proton pumping during the reductive phase can occur, but only when it is immediately preceded by an oxidative phase. To help clarify the issue we have measured the generation of the electric potential across the membrane, starting from a defined one-electron reduced state. Here we show that a second electron transfer into the enzyme leads to charge translocation corresponding to pumping of one proton without necessity for a preceding turnover.     

Ferryl and hydroxy intermediates in the reaction of oxygen with reduced cytochrome c oxidase

Cytochrome c oxidase catalyses the 4-electron reduction of dioxygen to water and translocates protons vectorially across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Proposed reaction pathways for the catalytic cycle of the O2 reduction are difficult to verify without knowing the structures of the intermediates, but we now have such information for the catalytic intermediates in the first steps of the reaction of O2 with cytochrome c oxidase from resonance Raman spectroscopy, a technique that enables iron-ligand stretching modes to be identified. Here we report on two more key intermediates: a ferryl-oxo (Fe4 = O2-) and a ferric-hydroxy (Fe3+--OH-) intermediate at the level of 3- and 4-electron reduction, respectively. We identified these intermediates by their characteristic iron-oxygen stretching frequencies (786 cm-1 for Fe4+ = O2-, and 450 cm-1 for Fe3+ -- OH-) and oxygen and deuterium isotope shifts. The oxo atom in the ferryl intermediate is hydrogen-bonded and the iron-oxygen bond in the hydroxy intermediate is anomalously weak. With the identification of the primary, ferryl and hydroxy intermediates, the predominant structures at almost all stages of O2 reduction are now known and the catalytic pathway can be described with more certainty.     

热解聚苯胺合成氮掺杂MnCo2O4-C氧还原催化剂

通过热解聚苯胺涂层的Mn Co2O4颗粒制备出Mn Co2O4/N-C材料,即一种新型的碱性聚合物电解质膜燃料电池(APEFC)阴极非贵金属催化剂。在不同温度下热处理得到了一系列的Mn Co2O4/N-C催化剂,对其进行XRD、Raman、XPS表征和LSV电化学测试,结果表明:热处理温度为900℃,Mn Co2O4质量分数为15%时,Mn Co2O4/N-C催化剂具有最佳的催化活性,氧还原反应起始电位为0.90 V;该催化剂中石墨型的碳和氮含量最高,这是其具有较高的氧还原催化活性一个重要因素。     

非离子表面活性剂辅助液相合成Cu2O纳米线及其结构和性能研究

首次提出了一种利用非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇(分子量:20 000)(PEG Mw20 000)为助生长剂,通过还原剂水合肼(N2H4)还原新生成的Cu(OH)2大规模合成半导体Cu2O纳米线的新方法.用TEM和HRTEM研究了所合成的Cu2O纳米线的形貌和结晶性,并用FT-IR红外吸收谱研究了纳米线的红外吸收特性,用纳米材料的量子效应和表面效应对FT-IR红外吸收谱中的蓝移现象作了解释.讨论了表面活性剂PEG的作用,由此详细研究了Cu2O纳米线的生长机制,指出Cu2O纳米线是由于吸附在PEG长链上的Cu2O纳米粒子通过彼此间的相互连接沿着PEG长链自组装而形成的.     

NaCl?CaCl2熔盐回收废旧锰酸锂电池中金属锰的电化学方法

750°C条件下NaCl?CaCl₂熔融盐中直接电解还原LiMn₂O₄回收金属锰为废旧锂离子电池的回收提供了新的思路。采用电化学手段研究LiMn₂O₄在涂覆电极表面的还原过程，结果显示，锰酸锂的还原过程是分步进行的，还原过程为Mn(IV) → Mn(III) → Mn(II) → Mn；在电脱氧12 h条件下，0.5?3 V的产物为CaMn₂O₄、MnO、(MnO)_x(CaO)_1?x、Mn，电解电压达到电压在2.6 V时单质锰出现，增加电压可促进锰的脱氧进程。电脱氧随着三相界面的推进由外向芯部逐渐进行，当电压较大时会加快还原反应的动力学过程，并产生两个阶段的三相界面。     

铬矿熔融还原动力学

考察了渣碱度、渣中Ａｌ２Ｏ３含量以及温度对铬矿被固体碳还原反应的影响，得到渣碱度在０．８～１．５的范围内、渣碱度为１．５时，铁液中最终铬含量最高；随着渣中Ａｌ２Ｏ３含量的增加，铬矿的初期反应速率明显降低，但对铁液中的平衡铬含量无明显影响．初期零级反应的表观活化能为３１６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．在确定反应控制环节时，利用了改变界面反应条件这一新方法，结合实验分析得到铬矿的还原是由铬矿在渣中的行为及界面反应联合控制     

不同还原度铁氧化物球团在微波场中的升温及还原行为

为深入了解氧化球团在微波竖炉中的升温以及煤基直接还原行为,实验采用铁精矿氧化球团作为基础原料,在气体还原剂条件下进行预还原,通过控制还原时间得到不同还原度铁氧化物球团,并从不同还原度铁氧化物球团的结构以及性能出发,研究它们在微波场中的升温性能及其还原变化.电磁性能测试结果表明,球团中的铁及其氧化物在微波场中的升温速度从快到慢依次为:Fe3O4,Fe2O3,Fe,FeO.微波加热还原结果分析及矿相结构观察显示,Fe2O3的深还原时间较长,物相多重转变,造成过程温度和还原气氛跟不上氧化物的还原反应速度;Fe3O4阶段升温速度快,结构松散,有助于进一步的还原,但进入浮士体(FeO的固溶体)阶段后孔隙率降低,升温速度骤降,造成还原的困难;在还原度达到66.90％时,表层以金属铁相为主,孔洞发达,吸波性能强,在气化反应有效进行的条件下,球团将会实现快速还原.     

两层 CPO 修饰电极的制备及其应用

电化学方法制备聚L－赖氨酸膜（PLL）修饰的玻碳电极上固定氯过氧化物酶,利用循环伏安法研究了修饰电极的电化学行为．修饰一层和两层的CPO修饰电极上均观察到CPO直接可逆的电子传递,其中,修饰两层CPO的电极（CPO／PLL）2／GC的氧化还原峰电流较为明显;氧气饱和的缓冲溶液中的循环伏安曲线显示,（CPO／PLL）2／GC电极上氧的还原峰电流显著增大,且还原峰电位相对于修饰一层CPO的电极正移了150mV,表明修饰两层CPO的电极对氧还原具有更好的电催化效应．（CPO／PLL）2／GC修饰电极应用于原位产生过氧化氢催化苯甲硫醚的反应,得到了目标产物苯甲亚砜,产物的量随电解催化反应时间的增加而增大．实验结果为开发环保、绿色的生物酶催化有机合成反应提供了新思路．     

添加剂对钛精矿固相碳热还原强化作用的比较

利用热重分析法研究了硅铁、硼砂、碳酸钠三种不同添加剂对钛精矿固相碳热还原行为的影响.对这三种添加剂的TG,DTG,DSC曲线进行分析,结果表明硅铁会使钛精矿在还原过程中的失重率减少;而碳酸钠和硼砂会使钛精矿在还原过程中的失重率增加.三种添加剂都可以使达到最大反应速率时的温度降低.碳酸钠和硼砂可以显著提高其最大反应速率,分别提高了013%/min和018%/min;硅铁使最大反应速率降低.其强化还原机理为硅铁为反应提供一定热量,提高了反应体系的温度;硼砂促进还原过程中反应物的传输;碳酸钠可以增强碳的气化反应.     

烧结矿应用于化学链燃烧的反应特性

本文通过热重实验研究了烧结矿作为载氧体的H2还原反应特性,将其与通过溶解法制备的Fe2 O3/Al2 O3载氧体进行了氧化还原反应性比较,在500~1250℃范围内研究了温度对于烧结矿还原反应过程的影响,在950℃下进行了30次循环反应实验,采用四种模型进行了反应动力学分析.结果表明,烧结矿的H2还原转化率大于80%,可以完全再氧化,并具有良好的循环反应性能.在500~950℃范围内,随温度升高还原反应速率及最终转化率都显著增加;而当温度高于1100℃时,在反应后期还原反应速率和最终转化率有下降的趋势.在500~950℃范围内,对烧结矿的还原过程第一反应阶段( Fe2 O3-Fe3 O4/FeO,还原转化率<25%)可采用二阶反应模型( M2)拟合,得到表观活化能为E=36.018 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.053×10-2 s-1;第二反应阶段(Fe3O4/FeO-Fe,还原转化率>25%)采用收缩核模型(M4)拟合,得到的表观活化能为E=51.176 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.066×10-2 s-1.     

PBE聚合物紫外可见光谱及化学还原研究

合成了一系列1，2－二（N－取代－4－吡啶盐）乙烯聚合物（简称PBE），研究了其紫外可见光谱性质及化学还原运行，探讨了PBE在还原剂Na2S2O4存在下发生不可逆氧化还原反应的还原机理，并讨论了PBE分子结构对反应中间体稳定性的影响。     

光照条件下Rose bengal处理对植物类囊体膜，PS II颗粒活性及多肽组分的影响

研究了Rose bengal处理对菠菜类囊体膜及PS II颗粒的叶绿素荧光发射光谱、蛋白质内源荧光发射光谱、DCIP光还原活性及多肽组分的影响。结果表明：单线态氧可改变类囊体膜的结构,并且可破坏PS II反应中心及LHC II中叶绿素分子的结合状态,引起类囊体膜PS II天线系统中的叶绿素捕光效率下降,还可引起光合电子传递能力下降和类囊体膜蛋白构象的改变,但至少在短时间内不会造成类囊体膜多肽组分的降解。     

Voltage dependence of Na translocation by the Na/K pump

During each complete reaction cycle, the Na/K pump transports three Na ions out across the cell membrane and two K ions in. The resulting net extrusion of positive charge generates outward membrane current but, until now, it was unclear how that net charge movement occurs. Reasonable possibilities included a single positive charge moving outwards during Na translocation; or a single negative charge moving inwards during K translocation; or either positive or negative charges moving during both translocation steps, but in unequal quantities. Any step that involves net charge movement through the membrane must have voltage-dependent transition rates. Here we report measurements of transient, voltage-dependent, displacement currents generated by the pump when its normal Na/K transport cycle has been interrupted by removal of external K and it is thus constrained to carry out Na/Na exchange. The quantity and voltage sensitivity of the charge moved during these transient currents suggests that Na translocation includes a voltage-dependent transition involving movement of one positive charge across the membrane. This single step can thus fully account for the electrogenic nature of Na/K exchange. The result provides important new insight into the molecular mechanism of active cation transport.     

Fe2O3-SiO2体系深度还原过程动力学

采用等温法和非等温法,分析了Fe2O3-SiO2体系深度还原过程的动力学.等温法试验表明,在一定范围内升高还原温度,有利于焦炭气化反应的进行,进而增加反应的还原度和还原速率.等温法确定的Fe2O3-SiO2体系深度还原反应符合Avrami-Erofeev模型,金属铁颗粒的成核及长大是还原过程的限制性环节,反应的表观活化能为23533kJ/mol,指前因子为322×107min-1.非等温法试验表明,该体系深度还原反应在温度达到400℃之后开始发生,700℃之后还原反应速度加快,最终反应趋于平衡.非等温法确定的主要反应阶段的表观活化能为23866kJ/mol,指前因子为104×107min-1.     

Partial oxidation of methane to syngas in tubular oxygen-permeable reactor

A dense Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3-δ membrane tube was prepared by the extruding method. Furthermore, a membrane reactor with this tubular membrane was successfully applied to partial oxidation of methane (POM) reaction, in which the separation of oxygen from air and the partial oxidation of methane are integrated in one process. At 875℃, 94% of methane conversion, 98% of CO selectivity, 95% of H₂ selectivity, and as high as 8.8 mL/(min · cm²) of oxygen flux were obtained. In POM reaction condition, the membrane tube shows a very good stability.     

Charge movement during Na+ translocation by native and cloned cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

Na+/Ca2+ exchange is electrogenic and moves one net positive charge per cycle. Although the cardiac exchanger has a three-to-one Na+/Ca2+ stoichiometry, details of the reaction cycle are not well defined. Here we associate Na+ translocation by the cardiac exchanger with positive charge movement in giant membrane patches from cardiac myocytes and oocytes expressing the cloned cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The charge movements are initiated by step increments of the cytoplasmic Na+ concentration in the absence of Ca2+. Giant patches from control oocytes lack both steady-state Na+/Ca2+ exchange current (INaCa) and Na(+)-induced charge movements. Charge movements indicate about 400 exchangers per micron 2 in guinea-pig sarcolemma. Fully activated INaCa densities (20-30 microA cm-2) indicate maximum turnover rates of 5,000 s-1. As has been predicted for consecutive exchange models, the apparent ion affinities of steady state INaCa increase as the counterion concentrations are decreased. Consistent with an electroneutral Ca2+ translocation, we find that voltage dependence of INaCa in both directions is lost as Ca2+ concentration is decreased. The principal electrogenic step seems to be at the extracellular end of the Na+ translocation pathway.     

乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯Fe_2O_3-K_2O系催化剂的XPS研究

对铈、钼助催的Fe_2O_3-K_2O乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯催化剂使用前后和工业用后卸下的样品作XPS研究,结果表明:用后催化剂中铁以Fe~(2+)和e~(3+)两种价态并存,表面上生成一定量羟基,反应条件下钾和氧化铁发生作用生成新相K_2Fe_2O_4,它也是活性相,表面钾被水蒸汽溶解随物料流动而迁移流失,钾的流失是失活的重要原因,还有结构因素的影响,在催化剂表面铈以CeO_2微晶存在,反应条件下部分被还原,因而增加了晶格氧的活动性和电子传递渠道,通过促进氧转移脱氢而使催化剂脱氢活性增加。