等离子喷涂钼基非晶纳米晶复合涂层的组织和电化学特性

用Mo基合金粉末(含Si,B,Cr,W,Mo,Ni等)作为喷涂材料,利用大气等离子喷涂(APS)技术,在0Cr13Ni5Mo不锈钢基体上制备了钼基非晶纳米晶复合涂层.利用XRD观察了涂层的晶型结构,扫描电镜(SEM)观察涂层的组织形貌,恒电位扫描仪对涂层的电化学特性进行了测试,显微硬度仪测量涂层的显微硬度.实验结果表明,利用等离子喷涂工艺可以制备高硬度的Mo基非晶纳米晶复合涂层,这种涂层结构均匀致密,其显微硬度最高达到1 426.9HV.孔隙率约为5.5%.非晶纳米晶复合涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中存在钝化现象,自腐蚀电流为6.459μA·cm-2,腐蚀速度0.869 mm·a-1.     

等离子喷涂制备铁基非晶-纳米复合涂层

以一种多元素铁基非晶合金粉末(含C,si,B,Cr,W,Mo,Ni,Fe等)作为喷涂材料,用大气等离子喷涂在316L不锈钢基体上制备涂层.用X射线衍射仪检测涂层的晶型结构,扫描电镜观察涂层的形貌,透射电镜观察涂层的微观组织结构,显微硬度仪测量涂层的显微硬度,纳米压痕仪测量涂层的硬度及弹性模量,并用谢乐公式计算了晶粒尺寸.结果表明:所制备的涂层均匀致密,与基体结合良好;涂层含有非晶和纳米颗粒;这种非晶-纳米复合涂层具有很高的硬度和弹性模量.     

Fe基非晶合金涂层电火花加工及其性能研究

利用电火花强化技术对煤油环境的45钢表面沉积单晶硅,制备出了铁基非晶合金涂层.用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜、能谱分析仪等检测手段对表面强化层成分、形貌、组织结构进行了研究,并对非晶层形成机理进行了探讨.在磨损试验机上对材料的耐磨性进行了测试,并对试样的磨损形貌进行了分析.结果表明:强化层是反应涂层,涂层厚度不均匀,但涂层与基体实现了冶金结合;强化层表面为非晶层,组织致密、均匀,在与基体交接的区域出现柱状晶;45钢表面沉积层耐磨性明显高于未加工45钢基体.     

碳化铬/铁基自熔合金复合涂层真空反应钎涂

以纯铁粉、硅粉、硼铁粉、铬铁粉、胶体石墨及镍粉为原料,通过真空反应钎涂在低碳钢基体上制备了碳化铬/铁基自熔合金复合涂层,涂层表面光滑、平整且与基体为冶金结合.应用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪及显微硬度计,研究了涂层的组织结构、成分分布和硬度分布.结果表明:涂层为复合结构,其组织由Fe-Ni固溶体基底和原位合成的六棱柱Cr3C2相组成.涂层与基体间存在过渡区,过渡区内元素和硬度呈梯度分布;涂层表面硬度可达85HR15N以上.     

电弧喷涂药芯丝材涂层的组织和高温冲蚀性能

采用电弧喷涂自制的FeB和CrB两种药芯丝材在20#钢基体表面制备了FeB涂层和CrB涂层,分析了两种涂层的显微组织、相结构、硬度和孔隙率,并采用高温冲蚀磨损试验考察了其耐高温冲蚀磨损性能.结果表明:FeB涂层主要物相是α-Fe,FeB和FeB2,CrB涂层中主要存在α-Fe,CrB和Cr2O3相,两者的微观组织结构都是由弥散分布在铁基金属中间的硬质相粒子和少数孔洞组成,涂层与基体之间结合良好.FeB涂层的孔隙率小于CrB涂层,但硬度低于CrB涂层.FeB涂层和CrB涂层在650 ℃下具有良好的抗高温冲蚀磨损性能,都能够对20#钢基体起到较好的防护作用,但CrB涂层抗高温冲蚀磨损性能比FeB涂层更好.     

Cr12钢电火花沉积超细涂层的摩擦磨损性能

采用电火花沉积技术,在Cr12模具钢表面沉积了WC-12Co超细硬质合金涂层;并考察了涂层的显微组织及摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:沉积层组织均匀,与基体呈冶金结合,超细的硬质相弥散分布于沉积层中,其中部分区域硬质相达到了纳米颗粒尺寸.沉积层的平均显微硬度为1 474.8 HV0.1,约是基体硬度的3倍,沉积层的耐磨性能是基体的3.3倍.沉积层的磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损.弥散分布的细小硬质相是沉积层硬度及耐磨性能提高的主要因素.     

螺杆表面超音速喷涂WC-Co耐磨涂层的研究

采用超音速喷涂技术在45#钢螺杆表面制备了钴基碳化钨型合金涂层,利用SEM、XRD和金相等手段分析了涂层的组织和性能.结果表明: 在45#钢基体和涂层的界面区域, WC-Co涂层主要由细小的WC相、块状含铁相和分布均匀的钴相组成;在WC-Co/45#钢界面层中,块状含铁相是α-Fe和马氏体组织;涂层的拉伸结合强度达到65 MPa, 显微硬度达到1200 HV.     

SHS-离心法制备W—C—Fe金属陶瓷内衬复合钢管

以Fe2O3、WO3、Al和C为反应原料,采用SHS-离心法制备W-C-Fe内衬复合钢管.利用X射线衍射分析内衬层的相组成,扫描电镜观察金属陶瓷涂层的组织,利用能谱仪分析涂层与基体结合处的元素分布,显微硬度仪测量内衬层硬度.结果表明:涂层与基体之间形成良好的冶金结合,涂层主要由Fe3W3C组成,还有少量的WC、W2C、Fe3C和Fe;涂层组织呈梯度分布,靠近基体处晶粒细小,远离基体处晶粒呈粗大树枝状;涂层显微硬度为13.5±1.6 GPa,是基体的7~8倍.     

Y对Fe50- x Mo14Cr15C15B6Y x非晶合金 非晶形成能力及耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用单辊法制备Fe50-xMo14Cr15C15B6Yx(x=0,2)非晶合金条带,利用X射线衍射、差热分析、透射电镜和电化学极化曲线方法对非晶合金的结构、非晶形成能力(GFA)、热稳定性、晶化过程及腐蚀行为等进行了研究和表征.结果表明:Fe50-xMo14Cr15C15B6Yx合金能够形成非晶合金,随着Y元素的添加,其非晶相含量、非晶形成能力及热稳定性显著提高.晶化处理后,析出的主要晶体相为α-Fe,Fe23B6,Cr23C6和Fe3Mo3C等.Fe50-xMo14Cr15C15B6Yx非晶合金在质量分数为3.5%NaCl水溶液中呈现出极强的耐腐蚀能力,远优于常用耐蚀不锈钢Cr18Ni9Ti,并且随着Y元素的加入,非晶合金的耐腐蚀能力进一步提高,具有更宽的钝化区间及更低的腐蚀电流密度.     

气体爆燃喷涂铁铝涂层显微结构研究

采用气体爆燃喷涂技术制备的铁铝涂层具有良好的耐蚀性能.该涂层与铁铝粉末原料相比较,其成分、结构均存在较大的差异.对该涂层的微观结构进行分析,能够为涂层的耐蚀性能研究提供可靠的实验依据.按照已确定的气体爆燃喷涂(DGS)工艺,制备了耐蚀的铁铝涂层.使用光学显微镜、XRD、TEM、电子探针分析了涂层的微观结构和各相的成分.结果表明,涂层中含有Fe4Al13、FeAl和Al2O3相;喷涂后原料粉末发生了复杂的相变,由Fe4Al13相大部分转变成为FeAl相组织和Al2O3合金颗粒,生成了非晶组织和细小晶粒组织;以上各相具有良好的耐腐蚀性能.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the