海上低渗透油藏水力压裂技术适应性评价?

由于海上低渗透油田比陆上油田具有更高的开发风险,合理的水力压裂改造措施对提高其经济效益起着至关重要的作用。针对南海某低渗透油田新区块建立了压裂改造图版,以评价该区油井的压裂改造技术适应性。研究结果认为:目标油田的油层组Ⅰ和Ⅱ适合采取压裂措施,推荐两层合压。油层组Ⅲ因为下部0.9 m紧邻水层,不适合采取压裂措施。若已知该区块开发需要满足的经济产量,还可以根据压裂改造图版进行选井选层。     

关于对低渗透油田压裂工艺技术的研究

低渗透油田资源丰富,分布广,而流体渗透能力差,产量低。能源需求的增加和勘探技术的发展,低渗透油田的作用日益明显。采取好的措施,通过压裂工艺改善地层渗透性,增强油层近井地带的渗流能力,进而提高油田的产油数量,提高低渗透油田的开发效果,成了油田重要的发展方向。低渗透油田通过重复压裂改造技术能提高油田的采收率和单井的产量。     

早期注水对压裂改造影响的研究

陕北油田区域构造上位于鄂尔多斯盆地,属于低渗透、特低渗透油田,实施压裂改造可以提高油田的整体开发效益。通过对姚店油田长6油层进行注水压裂改造,油井平均单井日产量提高了234%,稳产时间达3个月以上。研究表明特低渗透油层在注水受效后油层压力开始恢复时,对油层实施压裂,可以提高采收率,获得最好的增产、稳产效果。     

低渗透砂岩压裂层位优选的测井评价模型

典型的低渗透砂岩储层具有非均质性严重、储层产能受岩性和物性因素影响较大、自然产能相对较低等特点,需要对储层进行改造才能见到较好的效果。水力压裂是低渗透储层增产的有效手段,选井选层直接影响压裂效果,目前油田主要依靠经验选择施工井层,不能保证压裂后获得很好的增产效果。利用测井资料处理分析得到低渗透砂岩储层产能评价的关键参数,可以有效地开展低渗透储层压裂产能预测与层位优选,评价产能改造潜力,指导酸化压裂层位的选取和施工,提高油藏开发效益。利用测井、岩芯及测试等资料,从低渗透砂岩储层的岩石矿物、粘土矿物、钙质胶结物、微观孔隙结构等方面入手,分析了影响低渗透砂岩产能的储层因素,构建了储层精细评价和产能预测的测井优化模型,确定了低渗透砂岩储层压裂层位优选标准和图版,最终实现了对压裂优选层位的分级划分。     

辽河低渗透油层压裂工艺探讨和应用

辽河油田低渗透油藏的地质储量占各类油藏地质储量的7.7%,开采程度较低。处于中晚期开发阶段的辽河油田,挖掘渗透油藏的地质储量,其采收率如果能够提高1%,那么将会获得非常可观的经济效益。压裂是改造低渗透油层提高油井产量的强化措施。本文以欢北地区低渗透油层——杜家台油层为例,对低渗透油层压裂施工工艺进行了研究和探讨,提出了适合低渗透油层的及压裂液、支撑剂和施工工艺。     

下寺湾油田泉65井区长2油藏压裂改造工艺优化研究

泉65井区是一个多油层复合浅层油田,三叠系延长组长2,侏罗系延安组Y7、Y9均获得工业油流。三叠系延长组长2油层组,是泉65井区2010年开发的主力油层,属典型的低压、低渗、低温地层,这种油层浅、低压、低渗、低温的地质特性,决定了压裂增产为其主要的增产方式。三叠系长2油藏油水关系复杂、非均质性较强制约了水力压裂工艺的实施,油层改造是实现高效开采的关键。结合2010年与2006-2009年压裂工艺及施工参数及现场实验基础上进行系统性总结分析,提出了长2油层的压裂改造思路及模式,对于提高低渗透油藏开发具有重要作用。     

喇嘛甸油田特高含水期重复压裂油井选井选层方法研究

针对喇嘛甸油田重复压裂油井比例较高、压裂潜力变小、选井选层难度越来越大的实际,通过对历年来重复压裂油井的分析,总结出适合喇嘛甸油田重复压裂油井选井选层的方法。在实践中应用后,取得了较好的效果。     

多层段多裂缝压裂工艺技术现场试验

油田开发初期,厚油层的油藏条件优越,单井压裂增油效果显著,压裂改造规模较小。随着油田开发的不断进行,厚油层的油藏条件逐年变差,常规压裂已不能满足多段多韵律厚油层的需要。针对以上问题,开展了多层段多裂缝压裂工艺技术现场试验,扩大改造油层厚度和改造规模,从而提高水驱压裂井挖潜效果。     

低渗透油层注水开发的层间突进研究

低渗透油田层启动压力梯度注水开发应根据储层物性和油水前缘来合理划分层序 ,制定方案更为有效 .针对渗透油层的储层特性 ,利用低渗透储层的渗流理论 ,研究低渗油层注水开发层间突进 ,推导出适合低渗油层注水开发时水驱油的前缘公式 ,并利用推导的公式进行油田实例计算 .结果表明 ,在低渗透油田的开发计算中 ,须考虑低渗透油田储层特性的影响 ,否则会引起较大误差 .得出 ,当启动压力梯度越大时 ,考虑启动压力梯度算出的水驱前缘要远小于不考虑启动压力梯度算出的水驱前缘的结论 .由此给出油田合理开发层系     

油井压裂措施智能分析系统设计与实现

随着油田二次开发中压裂措施井数量不断增多,会导致压裂分析难度增大。结合油田压裂措施选井选层业务的实际需求,采用专家推理机制和BP神经网络算法等技术,设计开发了一套油井压裂措施智能分析系统。系统实现了对压裂措施的合理分析和措施选井选层的效果评价,降低了措施井优选的复杂度,提高了压裂措施后增油量预测的准确性,为油田二次开发生产提供辅助决策支持。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.