No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe

Extreme river floods have been a substantial natural hazard in Europe over the past centuries, and radiative effects of recent anthropogenic changes in atmospheric composition are expected to cause climate changes, especially enhancement of the hydrological cycle, leading to an increased flood risk. For the past few decades, however, observations from Europe do not show a clear increase in flood occurrence rate. Here we present longer-term records of winter and summer floods in two of the largest rivers in central Europe, the Elbe and Oder rivers. For the past 80 to 150 yr, we find a decrease in winter flood occurrence in both rivers, while summer floods show no trend, consistent with trends in extreme precipitation occurrence. The reduction in winter flood occurrence can partly be attributed to fewer events of strong freezing-following such events, breaking river ice at the end of the winter may function as a water barrier and enhance floods severely. Additionally, we detect significant long-term changes in flood occurrence rates in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, and conclude that reductions in river length, construction of reservoirs and deforestation have had minor effects on flood frequency.     

近50年渭河关中地区地表径流变化及其归因分析?

采用流域水文过程模拟和水文气象统计学相结合的方法,归因分析了近50a来渭河关中地区地表径流的变化.通过对关中地区1958—2008年水文气象要素进行趋势检验分析,发现近50a来该区域地表径流量呈现显著下降趋势,而降雨量和潜在蒸散发量没有明显的变化,说明径流的变化主要受人类活动的影响,并用Mann-Kendall法检验出1990年为径流过程的突变点.基于此,构建SIMHYD月降雨—径流水文模型,以1958—1989年为模拟预处理期,1990—2008年为模拟检测期,通过模拟分析获得气候变化和人类活动对径流影响的归因分析结果.同时采用改进的气候弹性系数法对上述径流变化归因分析进行验证,也得到了近似的结果.结果表明,气候变化对径流减少的影响程度为18%~22%,而人类活动为78%~82%.     

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000

Interest in attributing the risk of damaging weather-related events to anthropogenic climate change is increasing. Yet climate models used to study the attribution problem typically do not resolve the weather systems associated with damaging events such as the UK floods of October and November 2000. Occurring during the wettest autumn in England and Wales since records began in 1766, these floods damaged nearly 10,000 properties across that region, disrupted services severely, and caused insured losses estimated at ￡1.3 billion (refs 5, 6). Although the flooding was deemed a 'wake-up call' to the impacts of climate change at the time, such claims are typically supported only by general thermodynamic arguments that suggest increased extreme precipitation under global warming, but fail to account fully for the complex hydrometeorology associated with flooding. Here we present a multi-step, physically based 'probabilistic event attribution' framework showing that it is very likely that global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions substantially increased the risk of flood occurrence in England and Wales in autumn 2000. Using publicly volunteered distributed computing, we generate several thousand seasonal-forecast-resolution climate model simulations of autumn 2000 weather, both under realistic conditions, and under conditions as they might have been had these greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting large-scale warming never occurred. Results are fed into a precipitation-runoff model that is used to simulate severe daily river runoff events in England and Wales (proxy indicators of flood events). The precise magnitude of the anthropogenic contribution remains uncertain, but in nine out of ten cases our model results indicate that twentieth-century anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions increased the risk of floods occurring in England and Wales in autumn 2000 by more than 20%, and in two out of three cases by more than 90%.     

1960-2007年无定河流域径流情势变化及其归因分析

在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,流域径流过程会发生显著改变.利用M-K法、有序聚类法、Yamamoto法对无定河流域径流量进行水文变异诊断,利用IHA/RVA法对变异前后径流情势进行对比分析,并量化分析气候变化和人类活动对径流改变的影响.结果显示:1)1970-2007年无定河流域径流量呈现显著减小趋势,并在1971年发生减小突变;2)突变后径流情势发生改变,径流量年内分配、极端流量及其发生时间、频率、平均延时等均具有较高改变程度;3)枯水期平均流量、最小90日平均流量和高流量平均延时可作为识别无定河流域径流量突变的关键指标;4)无定河流域径流量的减少受到气候变化和人类活动的综合影响,且气候变化和人类活动对径流量减少的贡献率分别为36.57%和63.43%.      

Impact of climate change on streamflow in the Xitiaoxi catchment, Taihu Basin

The impact of climate change on streamflow in the Xitiaoxi catchment is assessed by using VIC (variable infiltration capacity) model coupled with PRECIS (providing regional climate for impacts studies). Results show that the VIC model is adaptable for the study area. Both deterministic coefficient and Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficient are greater than 0.75, with a good agreement between observed and simulated discharge. The runoff will increase in the future, especially during flood seasons. The magnitude of floods in the future (2021–2050) under A2 and B2 scenarios will be greater than that during the baseline period (1961–1990), but it may not exceed that during the 1990s.     

江苏省植被动态演变规律及其与极端气候事件的关系

利用1982—2013年江苏省植被归一化指数(NDVI)和13个气象站的气温和降水数据,采用SPI标准化降水指数以及PDSI干旱指数模型,研究江苏省植被动态的演变规律及其与旱涝的关系。结果发现:①江苏全省平均的NDVI值整体呈缓慢上升趋势,但上升趋势不明显,其中苏北地区植被覆盖增加趋势明显,远高于全省平均水平,而苏南地区植被覆盖有减小趋势; ②江苏地区多年平均NDVI值有明显的季节变化,冬季的NDVI值为全年最低,春季NDVI值不断增加,到8月份达到最高,之后不断下降; ③极端干旱和洪涝对江苏省NDVI值有显著影响,干旱或洪涝年份的NDVI值明显小于正常年份,并且洪涝年份受影响更为明显。春季极端干旱对江苏省NDVI值影响较大,而夏季洪涝事件对江苏省NDVI的影响较大。     

淮河流域典型洪水年流量空间分布的季节特征

为了分析淮河流域洪水过程空间分布的季节变化特征,提高对典型洪水过程的认识,以TRMM 3B42卫星降水数据为驱动资料,利用分布式陆面-水文模型(LSX-HMS)模拟淮河流域典型洪水年(以2003年为例)的流量过程.结果表明:TRMM 3B42卫星数据能够较好地反映淮河流域降水的时空分布;LSX-HMS模型对流量时间变化过程的模拟精度较高;逐月流量空间分布给出了流域洪水过程的季节变化特征,准确反映了流量从南向北推进进而消退的空间演变过程.分布式水文模型对流量空间分布的模拟预测有助于流域洪水事件的预警与管理.     

气候变化对挠力河径流量的影响

利用Mann Kendall突变检验法分别分析了1956—2005年50年来的宝清站和菜嘴子站年平均径流量演变的阶段性特征,并建立了径流 降雨的经验模型,利用该模型分析了气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响.研究结果表明：50年来宝清站和菜嘴子站的年平均径流量演变可分为两个阶段:1956—1967年的基准期和1968—2005年的变化期.变化期内径流量的年际和年内都发生了较大变化,体现在年平均径流量减少显著,两个站的年平均径流量减少量都在50%左右.径流变差系数有不同程度的增长,其中菜嘴子站增长了近30%.年内分配变化主要体现在径流峰值上,菜嘴子站的夏季径流峰值和最低值的出现时间都较第一阶段提前了一个月.变化期内年均径流量的变化主要是由人类活动引起的,气候变化引起的径流量变化占年均径流量总变化量的40%左右.     

基于Generalized LASSO模型的长江寸滩站年均径流突变研究

为了区分水文时间序列的趋势和跳跃变异,将基于L_1范数正则化技术的generalized LASSO模型应用于水文序列变异识别。经过识别,发现长江寸滩水文站年平均流量序列在1969年发生了向下的均值跃变。此外,趋势分析表明无论是跃变前后的子序列还是剔除跳跃成分的整个序列,均未检出显著的趋势,这说明对寸滩水文站年平均流量序列的跳跃变异假设是合理的。基于generalized LASSO模型的结果与其他突变检测方法结果进行比较,所得结论是一致的。     

Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability

Systematic climate shifts have been linked to multidecadal variability in observed sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean. These links are extensive, influencing a range of climate processes such as hurricane activity and African Sahel and Amazonian droughts. The variability is distinct from historical global-mean temperature changes and is commonly attributed to natural ocean oscillations. A number of studies have provided evidence that aerosols can influence long-term changes in sea surface temperatures, but climate models have so far failed to reproduce these interactions and the role of aerosols in decadal variability remains unclear. Here we use a state-of-the-art Earth system climate model to show that aerosol emissions and periods of volcanic activity explain 76 per cent of the simulated multidecadal variance in detrended 1860-2005 North Atlantic sea surface temperatures. After 1950, simulated variability is within observational estimates; our estimates for 1910-1940 capture twice the warming of previous generation models but do not explain the entire observed trend. Other processes, such as ocean circulation, may also have contributed to variability in the early twentieth century. Mechanistically, we find that inclusion of aerosol-cloud microphysical effects, which were included in few previous multimodel ensembles, dominates the magnitude (80 per cent) and the spatial pattern of the total surface aerosol forcing in the North Atlantic. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic aerosol emissions influenced a range of societally important historical climate events such as peaks in hurricane activity and Sahel drought. Decadal-scale model predictions of regional Atlantic climate will probably be improved by incorporating aerosol-cloud microphysical interactions and estimates of future concentrations of aerosols, emissions of which are directly addressable by policy actions.     

Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing

Since the mid-nineteenth century the Earth's surface has warmed, and models indicate that human activities have caused part of the warming by altering the radiative balance of the atmosphere. Simple theories suggest that global warming will reduce the strength of the mean tropical atmospheric circulation. An important aspect of this tropical circulation is a large-scale zonal (east-west) overturning of air across the equatorial Pacific Ocean--driven by convection to the west and subsidence to the east--known as the Walker circulation. Here we explore changes in tropical Pacific circulation since the mid-nineteenth century using observations and a suite of global climate model experiments. Observed Indo-Pacific sea level pressure reveals a weakening of the Walker circulation. The size of this trend is consistent with theoretical predictions, is accurately reproduced by climate model simulations and, within the climate models, is largely due to anthropogenic forcing. The climate model indicates that the weakened surface winds have altered the thermal structure and circulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean. These results support model projections of further weakening of tropical atmospheric circulation during the twenty-first century.     

Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends

Human influence on climate has been detected in surface air temperature, sea level pressure, free atmospheric temperature, tropopause height and ocean heat content. Human-induced changes have not, however, previously been detected in precipitation at the global scale, partly because changes in precipitation in different regions cancel each other out and thereby reduce the strength of the global average signal. Models suggest that anthropogenic forcing should have caused a small increase in global mean precipitation and a latitudinal redistribution of precipitation, increasing precipitation at high latitudes, decreasing precipitation at sub-tropical latitudes, and possibly changing the distribution of precipitation within the tropics by shifting the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Here we compare observed changes in land precipitation during the twentieth century averaged over latitudinal bands with changes simulated by fourteen climate models. We show that anthropogenic forcing has had a detectable influence on observed changes in average precipitation within latitudinal bands, and that these changes cannot be explained by internal climate variability or natural forcing. We estimate that anthropogenic forcing contributed significantly to observed increases in precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, drying in the Northern Hemisphere subtropics and tropics, and moistening in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and deep tropics. The observed changes, which are larger than estimated from model simulations, may have already had significant effects on ecosystems, agriculture and human health in regions that are sensitive to changes in precipitation, such as the Sahel.     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及直接气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏两季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加了大气稳定度,减少了地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,两类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

Effects of historical land cover changes on climate

In order to explore the influence of anthropogenic land use on the climate system during the last mil- lennium, a set of experiments is performed with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity—— the McGill Paleoclimate Model (MPM-2). The present paper mainly focuses on biogeophysical effects of historical land cover changes. A dynamic scenario of deforestation is described based on changes in cropland fraction (RF99). The model simulates a decrease in global mean annual temperature in the range of 0.09-0.16℃, especially 0.14-0.22℃ in Northern Hemisphere during the last 300 years. The responses of climate system to GHGs concentration changes are also calculated for comparisons. Now, afforestation is becoming an important choice for the enhancement of terrestrial carbon sequestration and adjustment of regional climate. The results indicate that biogeophysical effects of land cover changes cannot be neglected in the assessments of climate change.     

基于生态补水的永定河流域径流变化分析

大规模的跨区域生态水量调度,在恢复长期断流河道生态水量需求的同时,也打破了流域原有的水文循环规律．为识别生态补水对河道径流的影响,本文开展了永定河流域年径流历史序列时空变化及生态补水前后对比分析．结果表明:流域年径流量呈显著性减少趋势,且在1983年存在变点;变点年后年径流量大幅度减少,且日径流量历时曲线显示变异后低流量的分布历时增加,年内日径流量的差异变大;开展大规模生态补水工作以后,官厅水库年入库流量较之前多年平均有明显提高,年内逐月流量过程恢复明显的双峰过程,生态流量满足率显著提高,生态补水对现状条件下河道径流起到了积极作用．      

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏2季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加大气稳定度,减少地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,2类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

济南市降水特征时空演变规律分析

以济南市为研究对象,采用中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集中的降水数据,基于Mann-Kendall检验法和Sen‘s坡度法,对济南市各区域1979-2015年城区、山区及平原区域降水特征的时空演变规律进行了分析.结果表明: 1)1979-2015年济南市年平均降水量为643.4mm,丰水年与枯水年常交替出现,年际变化幅度大,年平均降水量呈波动型增长,但增长趋势并不明显; 2)济南市年降水量空间分布呈由西南向东北阶梯型递减的特征,且其分布特征与地形关系密切,南部山区降水普遍大于北部平原地区,空间分布极不均匀; 3)济南市夏季降水集中,约占全年降水量的60%以上,且紧邻主城区的南部山区夏季降水量高达494.6mm,故主城区遭受山洪灾害的风险较大; 4)近37年济南市平原区和主城区汛期降水量呈增加的趋势,山区汛期降水量有所减少,但降水量变化程度不显著.      

Role of land-atmosphere coupling in summer droughts and floods over eastern China for the 1998 and 1999 cases

Droughts and floods are the two most costly climate disasters over China. However, our ability to predict droughts and floods is limited by poor understanding of the atmospheric response to long memory climate drivers such as sea surface temperature and soil moisture. In this study, we investigate soil moisture feedbacks on summer droughts and floods over eastern China for the 1998 and 1999 cases using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. Soil moisture climatology, derived from a 20-year-long control run, is used to replace soil moisture evolution in uncoupled simulations for 1998 and 1999 summers. Eastern China experienced severe floods during the summer of 1998, while 1999 summer is characterized by a “southern flood and northern drought” pattern. The WRF model generally simulates relatively well the droughts and floods in the two summers. It is found that land-atmosphere coupling contributes substantially to both droughts and floods over northern China while it plays a relatively small role in precipitation anomalies over southern China. Our findings suggest that soil moisture memory help contribute skill to seasonal prediction of droughts and floods over northern China.     

中美两国应对气候变化政策与公众气候素养之比较研究

极端天气给人类的生产生活和经济发展带来了极为严重的影响,气候变化成为国际社会共同关注的问题。科学研究认为温室气体排放是造成气候变暖的主要原因。中美两国作为温室气体排放大国,减排国策对本国及国际社会都具有重要影响。而公众作为应对气候变化政策的参与者,一方面他们的认知会受到政府出台政策的影响,另一方面他们对气候变化问题的认知程度也会直接影响着政策的执行效果。通过比较中美两国应对气候变化政策的异同,分析两国民众对气候变化问题的认知状况,可以为制定气候变化政策提供更为合理的建议。     

基于风险分析的流域防洪系统调度决策模型研究

在已有成果的基础上,以长江流域为背景,将防洪系统联合调度模型和风险分析相结合,提出考虑入流洪水地区组成不确定性的防洪调度决策风险模型．该模型采用AR模型方法进行流量预报,对于预报误差,用一定置信水平下t分布估计误差的方差,从而求出流量过程误差的上下限,计算出未来发生的多种来水过程,为实时调度的贝叶斯决策和风险分析提供计算基础．在某联合调度方案下,可以进行风险分析计算,将一个复杂的随机调度决策问题转化为确定性调度决策问题．结果表明,该模型的计算工作量较一般随机生成模拟模型的计算工作量小得多,同时可以计算并保存可能大洪水情况下的调度应急方案．