Experimental study of the flow and heat transfer of a gas–water mixture through a packed channel

Waste heat recovery from the flue gas of gasfired boilers was studied experimentally by measuring the flow and heat transfer of air and water through six kinds of packing with saturated humid air as the simulated flue gas.The experiments measured the effects of inlet air temperature, inlet air velocity and circulating water flow rate on the flow and heat transfer. The results show that higher inlet air temperatures and lower inlet air velocities lower the flow resistance and increase the heat transfer coefficient. The stainless steel packing had better surface wettability and larger thermal conductivity than the plastic packing, which enhanced the heat transfer between the water and the saturated moist air. When both the flow resistance reduction and the heat transfer enhancement were considered, the experimental results gave an optimal packing-specific surface area. A packed heat exchanger tower was designed for waste heat recovery from the flue gas of gas-fired boilers based on the experimental results which had better flow and heat transfer characteristics with lower pump and fan power consumption, more stable system operation and less thermal fluctuations compared with a non-packed heat transfer system with atomized water.     

Theoretical determination of thermal diffusivity of composite material

A very simple model based on the Quadrupole method was used in the theoretical analysis of thermal diffusivity of composite materials of Cu-PVC, PVC-Cu-PVC, and Cu-PVC-Cu. The use of MATLAB software with a return to real space using the Stehfest algorithm makes the time of calculation very short. The thermal responses on the rear face of each considered sample, which determine the thermal diffusivity were represented. A mathematical demonstration which confirmed the results was given. Thermal diffusivity determined from the rear face thermal responses were compared with the results of the thermal diffusivity calculated by considering the composite materials to be homogeneous, and a discussion on the two kinds of results was provided.     

Film cooling with using the decomposition of an NH3 cooling stream as a chemical heat sink

The inlet temperatures of gas turbines are generally increasing over time,so conventional cooling methods are likely to approach their useful limits.It is therefore essential to investigate novel cooling methods.Based on the theory of heat transfer enhancement,a novel film cooling method for gas turbine blades using a chemical heat sink is proposed.In this method,the endothermic reaction of an NH 3 cooling stream heated by the main gas stream takes place,reducing the convective heat transfer between the mainstream and the blades.Therefore,film cooling effectiveness is improved.To test the feasibility of the proposed method,numerical simulations were conducted,using the classical flat plate with a 30 degree angled cylindrical hole(diameter,D).Film cooling effectiveness at different blowing ratios(M = 0.5,1.0,and 1.5) were computed and compared with the results of conventional cooling methods.The simulation results show that the proposed method can enhance film cooling effectiveness not only in the stream-wise direction,but also in the span-wise direction.The span-averaged film effectiveness is improved in the presence of a chemical heat sink,with the value of X/D(the ratio of downstream distance from the center of the film hole to the diameter of the film hole) increasing downstream of the film hole.The novel film cooling approach showed the best performance at M = 0.5.     

Experimental study on convective heat transfer in tube-side of water jacket-tube heat exchanger by electrohydrodynamics effect

The electrohydrodynamics (EHD) enhancement of convection heat transfer of water in a jacket tube heat exchanger was studied through an experimental method in this paper. In the experiment,a DC high voltage electrode was set in the central tube-side of the heat exchanger,and the high voltage electrode in the tube-side was adjustable in the range of 0-40 kV. Five differ-ent combinations of heat transfer enhancement experiments were conducted under the different voltage and rate of flow. The results indicate that the maximal enhancement coefficient θ is 1.224 when the flow rate of tube-side inlet is 0.1 m3/h. It is proved that,for the work medium of water,the convective heat transfer can be enhanced by applying high electric field. The performance of EHD-enhanced is sensitive to the variation of flow rate,and in the same flow rate,there exist an optimized voltage in the EHD-enhanced process ra-ther than the monotonic positive-correlation relationship.     

Grain growth of Al-4Cu-Mg alloy during isothermal heat treatment

The microstructure of an Al-4Cu-Mg alloy during isothermal heat treatment in the Strain Induced Melt Activation (SIMA) process was investigated and the kinetics of grain growth was analyzed. The grain growth during isothermal heat treatment of the Al-4Cu-Mg alloy coincided with the Ostwald ripening theory. During isothermal heat treatment, both grain shape and the high volume fraction of solid phase have significant effects on grain growth. Therefore, a new grain growth model based on the Ostwald ripening theory was proposed taking into consideration the grain shape and the volume fraction of solid phase. By comparing the calculated results with the experimental results, it was confirmed that the present model could be applied to grain growth during isothermal heat treatment of the Al-4Cu-Mg alloy in the SIMA process.     

3-D transient numerical simulation on the process of laser cladding by powder feeding

A 3-D transient mathematical model for laser cladding by powder feeding was developed to examine the macroscopic heat and momentum transport during the process, based on which a novel method for determining the configuration and thickness of cladding layer was presented. By using Lambert-Beer theorem and Mie′s theory, the interaction between powder stream and laser beam was treated to evoke their subtle effects on heat transfer and fluid flow in laser molten pool. The numerical study was performed in a co-ordinate system moving with the laser at a constant scanning speed. A fixed grid enthalpy-porosity approach was used,which predicted the evolutionary development of the laser molten pool. The commercial software PHOENICS, to which several modules were appended, was used to accomplish the simulation. The results obtained by the simulation were coincident with those measured in experiment basically.     

A numerical method for solving the boundary layer equations of laminar natural convention about a vertical plate

An improved shooting method was presented for solving the natural convention boundary layer equations, with a coupling of the velocity field to the temperature field. The numerical results are consistent with the approximate solution obtained by former researchers.     

Investigation on Static Characteristics of an Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Machine with Coreless Stator

The static characteristics of an axial-flux permanent- magnet （AFPM） machine with coreless stator were investigated. Two-dimensional analytical method for prediction of the no-load magnetic field in the AFPM machine with eordess stator was derived. Electromotive force （EMF） and axial attraction force were deduced from the analytical method. These values obtained from analytical method were compared with those from finite dement method （FEM） and agree well. Finally, a prototype was built for experimental validation and back EMF was measured. The results confirmed the validity of the proposed analytical method.     

Zonal method solution of radiative heat transfer in a one-dimensional long roller-hearth furnace in CSP

A radiative heat transfer mathematical model for a one-dimensional long furnace was set up in a through-type roller-hearth furnace (TTRHF) in compact strip production (CSP). To accurately predict the heat exchange in the furnace, modeling of the complex gas energy-balance equation in volume zones was considered, and the heat transfer model of heating slabs and wall lines was coupled with the radiative heat transfer model to identify the surface zonal temperature. With numerical simulation, the temperature fields of gas, slabs, and wall lines in the furnace under one typical working condition were carefully accounted and analyzed. The fundamental theory for analyzing the thermal process in TI'RI-IF was provided.     

Similarity solutions for the mixed convection flow over a vertical plate with thermal radiation

The steady laminar boundary layer flow adjacent to a vertical plate with prescribed surface temperature immersed in an incompressible viscous fluid, where the effect of thermal radiation was taken into consideration, was investigated. The governing partial differential equations were transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation, before being solved numerically by the shooting method. Both assisting and opposing buoyant flows were considered. It is found that dual solutions exist for both cases. Moreover, numerical results show that the heat transfer rate at the surface decreases in the presence of the radiation effect.     

共轭梯度法和最速下降法的混合算法

将共轭梯度法与最速下降法有机地结合起来,构造了一种共轭梯度法和最速下降法的混合算法,并证明了该算法的全局收敛．混合算法既提高了共轭梯度算法的收敛速度,又解决了目标函数“性态不优”时,最速下降法难以求解的问题．同时也可以看到共轭梯度法与最速下降法仅仅是混合算法的特例．     

因素分析法的非科学性

因素分析法作为成本分析的方法之一被广泛传播,但是此种分析方法是错误的。本文将指出为什么此种分析方法是不科学的分析方法。     

最大树法的Aspect挖掘方法

提出一种基于最大树的Aspect挖掘方法,该方法使用Aspect的思想,从动态行为挖掘横切关注点获取运行时方法调用的信息,从而构造方法调用关系数据矩阵,在模糊相似关系的理论基础上,引入相似度构造出对象相似矩阵,并利用最大树方法识别系统中的横切关注点,从而为系统的软件重构和复用提供依据.最后通过实验验证了其有效性,进一步通过与目前具有代表性的挖掘方法进行比较,认为本方法具有实现清晰、效率较高的优点.     

一种高精度的概率积分法参数预计方法

为使概率积分法参数预计具备更高的精度,在充分分析概率积分法参数与地质采矿条件间关系的前提下,整合遗传算法和BP神经网络的功能特性构建了一种新的网络模型,即NA(new approach)模型。该模型利用遗传算法的寻优能力获得网络最优输入自变量组合,并优化模型的权值和阈值。以中国45个典型的地表移动观测站数据作为训练和测试集,分别建立NA、BP网络和SVM模型,并将模型预测结果与实测数据做了对比分析。结果表明:对不同的概率积分法参数预计时,NA模型的预测精度都优于BP网络和SVM模型;且误差波动范围小、稳定性高。随预计参数的不同,BP网络和SVM模型预测精度各占优势,但两者预测效果相差甚微。     

潮流计算中的数学方法——牛顿—拉夫逊法

本文介绍了一种解非线性代数方程组的数学方法——牛顿-拉夫逊法,并将其应用于电力系统潮流计算中。采用本文方法的计算结果表明该教学方法在电力系统潮流问题中是收敛的;同时计算结果与电力专业软件的计算结果保持了一致,从而验证了结果的正确性。     

基于高次差与多项式拟合的周跳探测方法研究

为了准确探测和修复载波相位周跳,提高定位精度,利用惯性导航器件的输出结果对接收机的运动状态进行分类,根据不同运动状态时周跳发生的概率大小,并结合高次差法和多项式拟合法的不同特点,开展了高次差法和多项式拟合法的组合应用研究.在试验研究中使用TI公司的EZ-430运动开发套件获得接收机的运动状态信息,使用Unicore UB240卫星接收机实地接收导航报文,通过试验验证,本方法可以有效地提高周跳探测的准确性并修复周跳.     

浅谈电子测量课程教法,学法及考法

针对实践性极强的一类课程,以《电子仪器原理与维修》课程为例,提出了一种新的教学方法和考试方式。此方法打破以往纸上谈兵的传统教学模式,以提高学生学习的兴趣,充分调动学生学习的积极性,有望取得最佳的教学效果。     

惠斯通电桥法与伏安法测电阻的比较

物理实验中测量电阻最常用方法是伏安法和惠斯通电桥法.通过实验对这两种测量方法进行分析和比较,为实验中选取适当的测量方法提供参考.     

无网格方法与边界元方法的耦合计算

给出了无网格方法与边界元方法的两种耦合计算方法，并利用奇异权函数对无网格方法直接施加边界条件，导出了在整个域上的耦合计算公式。算例结果表明，该方法具有令人满意的计算精度。     

离子选择电极多次标准加入法的一种新算法

本文提出和建立了离子选择电极多次标准加入法的一种新算法。应用于实例计算表明,结果与文献值吻合,准确度和精密度有所提高,方法简便、快速。