四氯化锡催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

四氯化锡能够代替硫酸作为酯化催化剂．研究了利用五水四氯化锡催化，由马来酸酐与异戊醇反应合成马来酸二异戊酯，讨论了其影响因素，当马来酸酐、异戊醇和四氯化锡的物质的量比为1：4：0．086，回流分水60min，酯收率达96．7％，并且催化合成了马来酸二正丁酯，马来酸二异丁酯和马来酸二正戊酯．     

氨基磺酸催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

探讨了用氨基磺酸催化合成马来酸二异戊酯的反应条件，结果表明，当马来酸酐与异戊醇的摩尔比为０．１０．２６时，以甲苯为溶剂，反应时间１ｈ，收率达９６％     

氨基磺酸催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

探讨了用氨基磺酸催化合成马来酸二异戊酯的反应条件，结果表明，当马来酸酐与异戊醇的摩尔比为０．１：０．２６时，以甲苯为溶剂，反应时间１ｈ，收率达９６％。     

氯化铁催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

用六水三氯化铁为催化剂,由异戊醇和马来酸酐合成了马来酸二异戊酯．研究了反应因素的影响．当马来酸酐、异戊醇和三氯化铁的物质的量之比为1：4：0.11,回流分水60min．酯收率达95．3％．     

硫酸氢钠催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

在一水硫酸氢钠催化剂存在下，由马来酸酐和异戊醇合成了马来酸二异戊酯，当马来酸酐、异戊醇和硫酸氢钠物质量之比为1：3：0．2，回流分水60min，酯收率达97．7％，硫酸氢钠重复使用5次，催化活性没有下降。     

乳酸异戊酯的催化合成研究

比较了硫酸氢钠、维生素C、四氯化锡、硫酸四种催化剂在催化乳酸与异戊醇反应,合成乳酸异戊酯的过程中,反应时间、反应温度、分水量、粗产品色泽和酯化率的差异,从而筛选出合成乳酸异戊酯的最佳催化剂为硫酸氢钠。     

四氯化锡催化合成丁二酸二丁酯

四氯化锡能代替硫酸作为酯化催化剂。在五水四氯化锡催化下,由丁二酸和正丁醇合成了丁二酸二丁酯,研究了反应的影响因素。当丁二酸、正丁醇和四氯化锡的物质的量之比为1∶8∶0.114时,回流分水60min,酯收率可达93.9%。同时利用四氯化锡催化合成了癸二酸二丁酯、己二酸二丁酯和马来酸二丁酯。     

合成肉桂酸正丁酯固体酸催化的研究进展

介绍了对甲苯磺酸、甲烷磺酸盐、强酸性阳离子交换树脂、六水三氯化铁、聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、五水四氯化锡、十二水合硫酸铁铵、硫酸镓、硫酸高铈、一水硫酸氢钠、硫酸氢钾、固体超强酸和杂多酸等固体酸催化剂催化合成肉桂酸正丁酯的方法.它们是催化合成肉桂酸正丁酯的良好催化剂.微波辐射是合成肉桂酸正丁酯的良好方法.     

合成丁酸异戊酯催化剂的研究进展

评述了硫酸,甲烷磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸、氨基磺酸、强酸性阳离子交换树脂、磺化聚氯乙烯树脂、六水三氯化铁、聚氯乙烯-三氯化铁树脂、氯化聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、五水四氯化锡、二水氯化亚锡、三氯化铝、硫酸铝,硫酸铜、硫酸铁复盐、十二水合硫酸铁铵、硫酸钛、钛酸四丁酯、硫酸高铈、硫酸锆、壳聚糖硫酸盐、一水硫酸氢钠、固体超强酸、杂多酸、分子筛和脂肪酶等催化剂催化合成丁酸异戊酯的合成方法.     

马来酸二丁酯的合成研究

在对甲苯磺酸存在下, 以马来酸酐和正丁醇为原料合成了马来酸二丁酯, 在马来酸酐、正丁醇与对甲苯磺酸的物质的量之比为1：4：0. 16,回流分水70 min, 酯收率能达到95. 6%,并且比较了对甲苯磺酸、硫酸、六水合三氯化铁、十二水合硫酸铁铵等催化合成马来酸二丁酯的活性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.