青藏高原隆升综合研究

从证据、机制及模型模拟三个方面的研究成果系统研究了青藏高原隆升的有关问题 ,认为 :高原隆升具有多阶段、多因素、不均速及整体隆升与局部隆升相叠合的特点 :青藏地区有稳定的冬季风存在时 (7 2MaBP) ,高原的整体高度应该已经达到 2 0 0 0m以上 ,在上新世末期高度已经达到 30 0 0m左右的高度 ;研究争论较多的 7 2MaBP前后的气候突变事件 ,甄别全球变冷与高原隆升对气候变化的影响 ,是能否正确认识高原隆升过程的关键 ;高原隆升的证据、机制研究还需要不断完善和充实 ,数值模拟和模型模拟对正确认识高原隆升研究意义重大 ,还需不断努力和探索 .     

简述青藏高原隆升的环境演化效应

青藏高原的隆升是一个十分复杂的问题。本文主要从气候和自然环境两个方面对青藏高原隆升的环境演化效应作了简要地分析,并得出其对环境影响既有利,也有弊的结论。     

青藏高原隆升与晚新生代环境变化

本文是李吉均院士2012年7月21日在兰州为全国高校地理学骨干教师培训班做的学术报告,周尚哲根据报告录音整理,略有修改.青藏高原隆升是世界瞩目的问题.大家看看地形图,就知道青藏高原的形成过程与印度洋有关系,海底有北东向的地形和构造,是印度板块向北漂移造成的拉张反映.我今天讲两个问题,第一个是青藏高原隆升过程问题,第二个是亚洲内陆干旱化的问题.现在先讲第一个问题.     

青藏高原隆升阶段性

 青藏高原的隆升不仅是印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞导致的地球内部岩石圈地球动力学作用过程的结果,并且对全球和亚洲气候变化、亚洲地貌和地表环境过程及大量地内和地表矿产资源的形成分布产生了深刻影响。因而研究高原隆升的历史不仅对解决上述重大科学问题提供重要途径,而且可为高原区域资源环境的开发和可持续发展提供理论依据。简要回顾和梳理了国内外近年来,围绕青藏高原隆升所取得的主要进展。研究表明新生代青藏高原经历了多阶段、多幕次、准同步异幅且高原南北后期加速隆升的演化过程。具体可划分为55~30、25~10及8~0 Ma 3个主要生长隆升期次。其中55~30 Ma的高原早期隆升,主要集中在高原中南部的拉萨地块和羌塘地块,并且可能隆升到接近3 km高度,或甚至更高,有人称之为“原西藏高原”,但其周缘存在准同步异幅的变形隆升响应;25~10 Ma的中期隆升,“原西藏高原”南北缘的喜马拉雅山和可可西里-昆仑山开始强烈隆升,“原西藏高原”率先隆升到目前高度并开始向东西两侧挤出物质、拉张形成南北向裂谷,高原北缘普遍产生广泛变形隆升但幅度有限;从约8 Ma开始的晚期隆升,高原南、北部边缘的喜马拉雅山和昆仑山-西秦岭以北的高原东北部隆升显著加速,经历一系列短暂快速的多幕次构造变形和生长隆升,最终形成现今高原面貌。     

简述青藏高原隆升的环境演化效应

青藏高原的隆升是一个十分复杂的问题.本文主要从气候和自然环境两个方面对青藏高原隆升的环境演化效应作了简要地分析,并得出其对环境影响既有利,也有弊的结论.     

三峡及邻区第四纪沉积物地球化学特征及其对古气候的指示

讨论三峡和宜昌地区第四纪古气候的演化过程及青藏高原隆升对古气候演化的影响。以三峡及宜昌地区第四纪沉积物为主要研究对象,在沉积剖面研究的基础上,对低夷平面、阶地及冲积扇和湖相沉积物进行地球化学元素分析,依据地球化学元素的变化曲线及沉积特征,认为三峡及宜昌地区第四纪古气候的演化趋势相似,经历了早更新世晚期及中更新世暖湿气候到晚更新世干冷气候的转变。结合全球气候背景、青藏高原隆升过程对气候影响等方面的资料,认为150 ka B.P.之后青藏高原隆升至4 km时,青藏高原对三峡及宜昌地区的古气候产生了较大影响。     

国内科技期刊亮点

青藏高原隆起于何时青藏高原隆升是新生代亚洲乃至全球的一个重要事件,青藏高原隆升对全球环境变化,特别是东亚季风具有重要影     

中国西部干旱区沙漠形成演化概述Ⅱ

探讨中国西部沙漠形成演化的驱动机制,其演化模式为"隆升-河湖-沙漠",其物源包括河流冲积物、冲积-湖积物、洪积-冲积物以及基岩的残积坡积物等。沙漠的形成与扩张可能受青藏高原隆升、北极冰盖的演化、特提斯洋消亡的共同影响,其与沙漠的形成和扩张之间的动力过程目前虽然不甚明了,但在时间上却有着较好的同步性,具体体现在8～7、5.3、3.6～3.4、2.5、0.8～0.6、0.15Ma这6个阶段。对亚洲内陆干旱化与青藏高原隆升、北极冰盖演化、特提斯消亡的时空耦合关系和动力机制建立了初步的概念模型。     

东昆仑那陵郭勒河第四纪新构造运动的证据及意义

青藏高原是一个正在快速隆起的地块,喜马拉雅造山运动对高原隆升显得尤为重要。在那陵格勒河两岸形成并保留下多级阶地,阶地阶面的宽度及阶坎的高度不一,表明新生代青藏高原隆升速率的不均一性。那陵格勒河南岸额尔滚赛拉图第四纪阶地上部砂砾石层中发现了非常典型的新构造运动证据——牵引褶皱、断层蚀变等地质现象实体,通过ESR同位素测年取得了较好的成果。初步推算青藏高原在晚更新世以来隆升速率为0.62 mm/a,4.3ka以后测区有一次构造活动,将全新世冲洪积砂砾石层逆冲推覆到晚更新世Ⅱ级阶地之上,并在全新世地层中形成保存了具指示意义的牵引褶皱和断层蚀变带。     

论季风的形成及其本质

季风是个全球性的环流系统,热带辐合带的季节性迁移是季风环流形成的根本原因.青藏高原的巨地形作用是亚洲季风强盛的关键因素.季风在本质上是能量传递与水文循环过程,在全球能量平衡和水量平衡方面起着重要作用.加强季风研究,尤其是加强低纬过程与青藏高原隆升对季风形成过程与机理方面的研究对我国洪涝和干旱等灾害性气候的预测与预防工作具有十分重要的意义.     

青藏高原：全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器──Ⅲ．青藏高原隆起对气候变化的影响

新生代出现的几次重大气候变化事件与青藏高原形成过程中经历的几次强烈构造运动在发生年代上的良好对应关系表明两者存在紧密的联系．或许正是青藏高原的隆起导致了气候的巨大变化和现代东亚季风的形成及加强．高大的高原对大气系统有两个重要影响，热力作用和动力作用．它们在亚洲冬季形成蒙古高压、夏季形成印度低压，从而导致东亚季风出现．青藏高原越高，其对大气的作用越显著，形成的蒙古高压、印度低压和东亚季风越强大．因此，东亚季风的形成和加强是青藏高原隆起的结果．东亚季风的加强和高原动力作用使西风带波动增加，造成冰期极地冷空气不断南侵、气候波动变大．青藏高原抬升和季风造成的化学风化增强还使大气ＣＯ２含量降低、气候变冷．因此，青藏高原隆起是控制新生代气候变化的重要因素．     

Deep seismic reflection profile across the juncture zone between the Tarim Basin and the West Kunlun Mountains

Fine structures of the crust and upper mantle of the basin-and-range juncture on the northwestern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are first delineated by the deep seismic reflection profile across the juncture zone between the Tarim Basin and the West Kunlun Mountains. Evidence is found for the northward subduction of the northwest marginal lithosphere of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its collision with Tarim lithosphere beneath the West Kunlun Mountains. The lithosphere image of the face-to-face subduction and collision determines the coupling relationship between the Tarim Basin and the West Kunlun Mountains at the lithosphere scale and reflects the process of continent-continent collision.     

Numerical simulation of GPS observed clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau

From Global Position System (GPS) measurements, there is a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau. This phenomenon is difficult to be interpreted by simple two-dimensional modeling from a geodynamic point of view. Because of the extremely thick crust and the lower crust with relatively high temperature in the Tibetan Plateau, the lithospheric rheology in Tibet and surrounding areas present a complex structure. In general, the tectonic structure of the Tibetan Plateau consists of brittle upper crust, ductile lower crust, high viscosity lithospheric upper mantle, and low viscosity asthenosphere, the same as the case in many other continental regions. However, the lower crust in the Tibetan Plateau is much more ductile with a lower viscosity than those of its surroundings at the same depth, and the effective viscosity is low along the collision fault zone. In this study, we construct a three-dimensional Maxwell visco-elastic model in spherical coordinate system, and simulate the deformation process of the Tibetan Plateau driven by a continuous push from the Indian plate. The results show that the existence of the soft lower crust under the plateau makes the entire plateau uplift as a whole, and the Himalayas and the eastern Himalayan syntax uplift faster. Since the lower crust of surrounding blocks is harder except in the southeastern corner where the high-temperature material is much softer and forms an exit channel for material transfer, after the whole plateau reaches a certain height, the lower crustal and upper mantle material begins to move eastward or southeastward and drag the upper crust to behave same way. Thus, from the macroscopic point of view, a relative rigid motion of the plateau with a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax is developed. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-123) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40774048 and 90814014)     

青藏高原钙华沉积属性特征及其地质意义

 钙华分为大气成因钙华和热成因钙华两类,不仅具有景观价值,而且具有重要的的科研价值。青藏高原广泛发育热成因钙华,主要形成于泉水和湖泊环境中。青藏高原钙华的形成主要与高原内部的热水活动有关,而热水活动则受控于印度大陆碰撞俯冲所引起的伸展作用和区域大断裂的走滑拉分作用。钙华不仅记录高原的古气候学信息,同时也是区内大多数盐湖矿床成矿过程记录者,但是已有的研究尚不足以充分解读这些信息。形成热成因钙华的CO₂一般来自地热过程或地壳深部,其成因机制因时因地而异,远比大气成因钙华更加复杂,并不是所有热成因钙华都记录有古气候信息,因此,只有在充分明确热成因钙华成因机制的基础上,方可重建其古气候和盐湖矿床学信息。     

Paleomagnetic dating of the Jiuquan Gravel in the Hexi Corridor: Implication on mid-Pleistocene uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The sediments in the foreland basins around the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau preserved crucial information to reveal its tectonic history. In the Hexi Corridor, north periphery of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the angular unconformity between the Jiuquan Gravel and the Yumen Conglomerate has been well known to represent an intensive tectonic event of the plateau. However, its age is poorly constrained. Our paleomagnetic dating at the Laojunmiao section in the Jiuxi Basin show that the bottom of the Jiuquan Gravel reaches 0.84 MaBP, the top of the Yumen Conglomerate is about 0.93 MaBP. This result clearly demonstrates that the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau experienced an intensive movement at mid-Pleistocene.     

青藏高原地面抬升证据讨论

当前学术界在青藏高原地面何时达到现代高度问题上存在着许多不同观点,概括起来主要有３种：１４Ｍａ前已达到高于现代的最大高度,８Ｍａ前已达到或超过现代高度,距今３．４Ｍａ来分阶中强烈上升并逐步达到现代高度,之所以出现如此大的意见分歧,除高原面积广阔,研究程度不深和覆盖面不够的原因外,不同研究者所使用研究方法和证据的差异也是重要因素,在分析了各种证据对高原地面上升的记录机理后,我们认为夷平面、河流附地,     

Molecular phylogeny of the specialized schizothoracine fishes （Teleostei： Cyprinidae）,with their implications for the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Molecular phylogeny of three genera containing nine species and subspecies of the specialized schizothoracine fishes are investigated based on the complete nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Meantime relationships between the main cladogenetic events of the specialized schizothoracine fishes and the stepwise uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are also conducted using the molecular clock, which is calibrated by geological isolated events between the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Qinghai Lake. Results indicated that the specialized schizothoracine fishes are not a monophyly. Five species and subspecies of Ptychobarbus form a monophyly. But three species of Gymnodiptychus do not form a monophyly. Gd.integrigymnatus is a sister taxon of the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes while Gdo pachycheilus has a close relation with Gd. dybowskii, and both of them are as a sister group of Diptychus maculatus. The specialized schizothoracines fishes might have originated during the Miocene(about 10 MaBP), and then the divergence of three genera happened during late Miocene (about 8 MaBP). Their main specialization occurred during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene (3.54-0.42 MaBP). The main cladogenetic events of the specialized schizothoracine fishes are mostly correlated with the geological tectonic events and intensive climate shift happened at 8, 3.6, 2.5 and 1.7 MaBP of the late Cenozoic.Molecular clock data do not support the hypothesis that the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplifted to near present or even higher elevations during the Oligocene or Miocene, and neither in agreement with the view that the plateau uplifting reached only to an altitude of 2000 m during the late Pliocene(about 2.6 MaBP).     

Influence of the Tibetan Plateau uplift on the Asian monsoon-arid environment evolution

As one of the most important geological events in Cenozoic era,the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has had profound influences on the Asian and global climate and environment evolution.During the past four decades,many scholars from China and abroad have studied climatic and environmental effects of the TP uplift by using a variety of geological records and paleoclimate numerical simulations.The existing research results enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of Asian monsoon changes and interior aridification,but so far there are still a lot of issues that need to be thought deeply and investigated further.This paper attempts to review the research on the influence of the TP uplift on the Asian monsoon-arid environment,summarize three types of numerical simulations including bulk-plateau uplift,phased uplift and sub-regional uplift,and especially to analyze regional differences in responses of climate and environment to different forms of tectonic uplifts.From previous modeling results,the land-sea distribution and the Himalayan uplift may have a large effect in the establishment and development of the South Asian monsoon.However,the formation and evolution of the monsoon in northern East Asia,the intensified dryness north of the TP and enhanced Asian dust cycle may be more closely related to the uplift of the main body,especially the northern part of the TP.In this review,we also discuss relative roles of the TP uplift and other impact factors,origins of the South Asian monsoon and East Asian monsoon,feedback effects and nonlinear responses of climatic and environmental changes to the plateau uplift.Finally,we make comparisons between numerical simulations and geological records,discuss their uncertainties,and highlight some problems worthy of further studying.     

面波波形反演中的模拟退火法

采用求解非线性全局优化问题的模拟退火法作为反演手段 ,对面波波形进行反演 ,研究青藏高原地壳上地幔速度结构。通过青藏高原的面波波形振幅谱显示出在周期为 2 0 s和4 0 s时存在两个极小值 ,这可能是由地壳中存在低速层引起的。面波波形反演得到的速度模型也证实了青藏高原在 2 0 km深度左右普遍存在低速层 ;喜马拉雅山造山带在 6 0 km深度附近也存在一低速层。壳内低速层是青藏高原变形及隆升过程最重要的动力学边界条件之一     

Global pollution shown by lead and cadmium contents in precipitation of polar regions and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The analysis of the major ions, lead and cadmium has been performed for snow-pit samples collected from the Arctic, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Antarctic Ice Sheet. These snow pits were excavated respectively from the snowpack in Canadian Northwest Territory (NWT) and the central Arctic, three glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surface snow along the route of the International Trans-Antarctic Expedition (ITAE). The source regions for the lead pollution of central Arctic have been identified by analyzing of stable lead isotopic ratios, meteorological and atmospheric chemistry studies. It shows that the central Arctic is still under intensive lead input, despite the fact that lead content in Greenland Ice Sheet displays a rapid decreasing since the 1970s due to US and some European countries’ campaigns to reduce lead-containing gasoline-additives. This is because there are multiple lead sources for the central Arctic, including the countries that have not performed gasoline-additives reducing. The backgrounds of atmospheric aerosol compositions, as well as the concentrations of lead and cadmium in precipitation of the early 1990s, are contrasted among the Arctic, Antarctica and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The measured lead content in the snowfall at the typical sites of the three regions is divided into natural (background) and anthropogenic components. It is found that natural lead concentration (mainly crustal and/or sea-salt lead) is roughly equal among the three regions (< 3×10¹²g · g¹). However, the percentage of the natural lead to the measured lead is negligible in precipitation in the central Arctic and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, while it is considerable in Antarctic precipitation. The anthropogenic component of lead (>50% in Antarctic precipitation, >97% in the Arctic and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ) is mainly responsible for the lead input to both polar regions and to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Lead pollution may have spread into the whole troposphere and the most remote regions on earth.