青藏高原盆地系统演化与高原形成时间

青藏高原在以时间为坐标的隆升过程中,高原的范围、高度都是呈阶段性递增的.随着青藏高原的构造隆升,在高原的内部和外围发育了众多的沉积盆地,在这些沉积盆地中详细地记录了青藏高原的隆升过程.高原北部盆地的演化显示出向北递进增长的特征,以南北挤压为动力背景的北部前陆盆地演化代表了盆地对高原周缘造山带的响应关系:金沙江缝合带、昆仑山、祁连山的新生代逆冲抬升的时间分别为53 Ma、46 Ma和29.5 Ma.对高原南北盆地-造山带的构造演化对比发现:祁连山和高喜马拉雅的逆冲时间相同,说明青藏高原在渐新世基本定型.     

西昆仑山北缘新生代隆升历史的裂变径迹证据

自新生代以来,西昆仑地区发生强烈的构造变形和隆升,其初始隆升和末次快速隆升的时限仍是有待探讨的重大问题。本文沿西昆仑北缘采集一系列砂岩样品,利用裂变径迹分析方法探讨了西昆仑北缘新生代的冷却历史。结合裂变径迹年龄和径迹长度分布进行分析,可以将6个磷灰石样品分为2组。3个磷灰石样品的径迹年龄远小于所在地层的年龄。平均径迹长度为(12.0±2.3)~(12.6±1.3)μm,呈不对称单峰形态,反映样品缓慢地通过部分退火带;另外3个磷灰石样品径迹年龄与各自地层的沉积年龄接近,平均径迹长度介于(10.7±2.3)~(11.4±1.3)μm,呈现双峰或混合分布的特征,表明沉积后发生部分退火。热史模拟显示,自晚白垩世以来,西昆仑山北缘共经历了3期抬升冷却事件。晚始新世(40~30 Ma),受早期印度板块向古亚洲大陆板块俯冲碰撞的影响,西昆仑山北缘已经开始隆升;晚渐新世―早中新世(25~15 Ma)是西昆仑乃至青藏高原重要的隆升时期;最后一轮强烈隆升则发生在距今5~3 Ma以来,冷却速率最高达15℃/Ma,剥蚀速率相当于600m/my。电子自旋共振测试揭示了早中新世(15 Ma)和晚上新世以来(2.6~0.63 Ma)两期强烈的构造变形和热液活动,更进一步限定了西昆仑最后一期强烈隆升在2.6 Ma以来。     

青藏高原东缘中生代若尔盖古高原的发现及其地质意义

40 Ma B.P."原青藏高原"的提出使得青藏高原的早期隆升历史受到越来越多的关注,但其向东的延伸情况不明。青藏高原东缘若尔盖高原、龙门山冲断带和四川盆地有机地构建了一个完整的原-山-盆体系,成为揭示青藏高原隆升和生长的理想场所,而位于高原内部若尔盖地块的红参1井更为此提供了宝贵素材。基于红参1井的构造恢复和低温热年代学研究结果,结合区域上已有的低温热年代学和古高程数据,提出青藏高原东缘在早新生代印-亚大陆碰撞之前就已形成了高原,称之为若尔盖古高原,并从基底构造属性、构造变形、地壳缩短与增厚、沉积记录等方面对其进行了论证。红参1井钻井剖面构造恢复结果揭示所钻遇7 000余米的三叠系复理石层系实际上有46%的厚度是由构造重复所致,连同广泛发育的晚三叠世埃达克质花岗岩以及利用中性岩浆岩Sr/Y比值估算的地壳厚度,共同表明青藏高原东部松潘-甘孜地区在晚三叠世就已发生了实质性的地壳加厚。红参1井多重低温热年代学[锆石(U-Th)/He,磷灰石裂变径迹和(U-Th)/He]测试结果揭示若尔盖地块分别在白垩纪中期(约120 Ma B.P.和约80 Ma B.P.)经历了2次快速的冷却事件,累计剥蚀厚度达5 km,之后转入极其缓慢的冷却过程,暗示其已进入高原化阶段;而在整个新生代期间处于近乎"零"剥蚀的状态而被动地抬升到现今高度(不同于常见的山脉隆升,地块隆升代表了一定范围的区域整体抬升)。因此,青藏高原东部若尔盖地块最晚在白垩纪末期就已形成高原,即若尔盖古高原,其范围可能包括三叠系复理石层系覆盖的大部分松潘-甘孜地区,并可能向西与羌塘古高原相连,构成羌塘-若尔盖古高原。若尔盖古高原的形成不仅造成四川盆地西缘在白垩纪中期出现了重要的物源转变,更重要的是加剧了青藏高原东缘白垩纪气候干旱化,出现了大量沙漠沉积和膏盐沉积。若尔盖古高原的发现不仅有助于深化对青藏高原隆升和生长过程的理解,也将引发对青藏高原形成机制的重新思考以及对其气候-环境-资源效应的关注。     

柴北缘构造带泥盆纪构造属性研究

根据露头及钻井资料,依据沉积学理论,对柴达木盆地东北部泥盆系地层厚度、碎屑颗粒组成、锆石年龄、超覆关系和沉积体系展布等进行研究。结果表明:柴北缘地区(包括柴北缘构造带与欧龙布鲁克微板块)泥盆纪发育自南向北展布的沉积体系,碎屑物质来源于由多个前泥盆纪构造岩片组成的造山带;该阶段柴北缘构造带构造属性既不是前陆盆地也不是裂陷槽,而是由多个前泥盆纪构造岩片组成的造山带;该造山带隆升开始于距今约465 Ma,遭受剥蚀开始于距今约430 Ma,其隆升可能持续到晚石炭世甚至二叠纪早期,初步推断该造山带至少存在了190 Ma,包括距今465~430 Ma的山体隆升与距今430~275 Ma的山体剥蚀阶段。     

青藏高原通天河盆地五道梁组介形虫壳体Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca地球化学特征及古环境意义

中新世早期青藏高原腹地曾经发育了面积巨大的古大湖,此时恰逢青藏高原的快速隆升关键时期.为研究高原腹地在此期间环境的演化,对五道梁组中介形虫壳体的Mg/Ca 和Sr/Ca的值进行了测试.通天河盆地五道梁组地层中的介形虫壳体的Mg/Ca 和Sr/Ca数值的特征,结合剖面岩性特征,反映了23.8～21.8 Ma前该湖泊区域气候由湿润-干旱-暖湿的演化趋势.其气候的变化可能是此时期青藏高原从快速隆升到剥蚀夷平后高原北部构造隆升活动的结果.该研究为进一步了解青藏高原腹地的古环境探索了一条新的途径.     

青藏高原通天河盆地五道梁组介形虫壳体Mg／Ca和St／Ca地球化学特征及古环境意义

中新世早期膏藏高原腹地曾经发育了面积巨大的古大湖,此时恰逢青藏高原的快速隆升关键时期。为研究高原腹地在此期间环境的演化,对五道梁组中介形虫壳体的Mg／Ca和St／Ca的值进行了测试。通天河盆地五道粱组地层中的介形虫壳体的Mg／Ca和Sr／Ca数值的特征,结合剖面岩性特征,反映了23．8～21．8Ma前该湖泊区域气候由湿润-干旱-暖湿的演化趋势。其气候的变化可能是此时期青藏高原从快速隆升到剥蚀夷平后高原北部构造隆升活动的结果。该研究为进-步了解青藏高原腹地的古环境探索了一条新的途径。     

青藏高原东北缘临夏盆地王家山地区沉积环境分析与构造隆升

通过对青藏高原东北缘临夏盆地王家山地区新生代地层沉积相研究，划分出7个沉积旋回；盆地沉积与高原隆升的响应关系揭示出高原29Ma以来先后经历了初期隆升至稳定阶段(29．0—21．4Ma)、中期随升至稳定阶段(21．4—6．25Ma)、后期逐步隆升阶段(6．25—3．58Ma)和晚期急剧强烈隆升阶段(3．58—0Ma)，可见青藏高原的隆升是一个多阶段、不等速和非均变的复杂过程．     

准噶尔南缘磷灰石裂变径迹定年及其构造意义

目的 确定准噶尔南缘伊林哈比尔尕山的隆升时限.方法 测定磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄,并进行热史模拟.结果 磷灰石的裂变径迹中心年龄变化于78～51 Ma之间,记录了构造隆升活动的时间.结论 伊连哈比尔尕山自白垩纪以来经历了3期冷却剥露,分别是晚白垩世(97.1～68.8 Ma),视隆升速率为0.062 mm·a-1;新生代早中期(59～30 Ma),视隆升速率为0.023 mm·a1;新生代晚期(13～5 Ma)为山体隆升的峰期,其隆升速率为0.127 mm·a1.白垩纪以来的北天山变形作用与亚洲南缘多期的地体碰撞增生有关.     

青藏高原新生代构造研究最新进展和构造发展的阶段性

从逆冲推覆构造、走滑构造、伸展构造3个方面对喜马拉雅-青藏高原造山带内的新生代(印度-亚洲大陆碰撞之后)构造最新进展进行了总结和分析.基于这些资料,提出青藏高原内部变形的3个阶段:始新世(50~33 Ma),青藏地区总体呈刚性,变形集中在造山带的南北周缘;渐新世-中新世初(33~22 Ma),高原中西部以逆冲断层形式的散布式挤压变形,以东部大型走滑断层为边界的块体挤出与块体旋转3种变形方式共存;中新世初至今(22~0 Ma),高原块体的强度进一步变弱,以遍及高原整体的连续散布变形为主,出现共轭走滑断层与伸展构造.认为南北走向的地堑(正断层)是同样处于东西伸展应力体系下的藏中共轭走滑断层向造山带南北延伸扩展的产物.此外,还对造山带内会聚量的调节方式进行了定量的分析和估算.     

西藏南部岩体裂变径迹年龄与高原隆升

对西藏南部拉萨和山南地区4个花岗岩岩体的磷灰石和锆石的裂变径迹年龄测定表明,磷灰石的裂变径迹年龄都集中于3.2～8.3 Ma,该段时间内岩体的隆升速率为0.12～0.20 mm@a-1,隆升的高度仅为580 m,青藏高原南部隆升速率小,没有发生大规模隆升.拉萨岩体锆石的裂变径迹年龄为(25.9±1.7)Ma和(32.7±2.8)Ma,在约26～33 Ma期间隆升速率为0.08 mm@a-1.综合分析表明,西藏南部在印度与欧亚大陆发生碰撞开始到3 Ma期间的平均隆升速率都比较低,高原隆升应是不等速、阶段性的.     

Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and environmental changes

Major progress, problems, and challenges of recent investigation of the Tibetan Plateau uplift processes and resulting environmental changes are reviewed and summarized briefly, which especially covers the National Tibetan Research Projects of the Chinese Eighth (1992-1996) and Ninth (1997-2001) "Five-Year Projects". The Tibetan Plateau uplift is a complicated multiple cyclic process. The Gangdise and Himalayas began to uplift in the Middle Eocene and Early Miocene respectively, while the main part of the Plateau merely underwent corresponding passive deformation and secular denudation, resulting in two planation surfaces. The third and also the strongest uplift involved the whole Plateau and its marginal mountains commenced at 3.6 Ma. Successive Kunlun-Huanghe movement at 1.1-0.6 Ma and Gonghe movement at 0.15 Ma raised the Plateau to its present height. The Asian monsoonal system and Asian natural environment formed in response to these tectonic uplifts.     

New geological evidence of crustal thickening in the Gangdese block prior to the Indo-Asian collision

Recent mapping in the Gangdese block has revealed many leucogranites that are similar to those in the High Himalaya. These leucogranites formed at ～140 Ma as indicated by monazite Th-Pb ion-microprobe dating and cooled at ～130 Ma as indicated by muscovite ^40Ar/^39Ar dating. In conjunction with previous structural and paleogeographic studies, the new data indicate that the Gangdese block underwent crustal thickening and associated exhumation during ～140—130 Ma. In this regard, the southern margin of Eurasia continent was comparable to the modern South American Altiplano-Puna plateau, the prime example of active ocean-continent subduction and associated thickened crust. Specifically, the early stages of crustal thickening and uplifting of the Gangdese block may result from subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. If the Tibetan Plateau would form by accretion of a series of blocks with thickened crust, an elevated topographic plateau similar to the Altiplano-Puna plateau had formed before collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. Then the Tibetan Plateau would have quickly thickened, uplifted, and begun to extend soon after onset of the collision. Thus, the deformational mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau is not distributed shortening, but rather concentrating deformation within regions of thin crust between the accreted blocks.     

Late Cenozoic high-resolution magnetostratigraphy in the Kunlun Pass Basin and its implications for the uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau

The Kunlun Pass Basin, located in the middle of the eastern Kunlun Mountains, received relatively continuous late Cenozoic sediments from the surrounding mountains, archiving great information to understand the deformation and uplift histories of the northern Tibetan Plateau. The Kunlun-Yellow River Movement, identified from the tectonomorphologic and sedimentary evolution of the Kunlun Pass Basin by Cui Zhijiu et al. （1997, 1998）, is roughly coincident with many important global and Plateau climatic and environmental events, becoming a crucial time interval to understand tectonic-climatic interactions. However, the ages used to constrict the events remain great uncertainty. Here, we present the results of detailed magnetostratigraphy of the late Cenozoic sediments in the Kunlun Pass Basin, which show the basin sediments were formed between about 3.6 Ma and 0.5 Ma and the Kunlun-Yellow River Movement occurred at 1.2 to ～0.78 Ma. The lithology, sedimentary facies and lithofacies associations divide the basin into five stages of tectonosedimentary evolution, indicating the northern Tibetan Plateau having experienced five episodes of tectonic uplifts at ～3.6, 2.69-2.58, 1.77, 1.2, 0.87 and ～0.78 Ma since the Pliocene.     

中新世以来滇西高原内红河流域区的古高程反演

流经滇西高原的红河水系将高原内被剥蚀下来的物质输送到莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地中堆积.滇西高原隆升剥蚀区与莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地堆积区构成了一个相对封闭系统.采用质量平衡法,将莺-琼盆地内的堆积物回剥至隆升剥蚀区,重建了中新世以来滇西高原内红河流域区所达到的可能高程.16.2～19.6 Ma前红河流域区海拔高度低于560 m,16.2～11 Ma前的隆升使高程升至860～950 m.经过11～5.3 Ma前的剥蚀夷平后,海拔高度降为800m.距今5.3～1.6 Ma前的快速隆升,使海拔高度曾达到2600～2725 m,隆升幅度达1800～1925 m,滇西高原形成.近1.6 Ma以来则主要是剥蚀削低,海拔高度从2560 m降为2300m.中新世以来红河流域区被剥蚀掉约3900 m.     

青藏高原地面抬升证据讨论

当前学术界在青藏高原地面何时达到现代高度问题上存在着许多不同观点,概括起来主要有３种：１４Ｍａ前已达到高于现代的最大高度,８Ｍａ前已达到或超过现代高度,距今３．４Ｍａ来分阶中强烈上升并逐步达到现代高度,之所以出现如此大的意见分歧,除高原面积广阔,研究程度不深和覆盖面不够的原因外,不同研究者所使用研究方法和证据的差异也是重要因素,在分析了各种证据对高原地面上升的记录机理后,我们认为夷平面、河流附地,     

祁连山北缘早中更新世新构造运动的地层记录

巳有研究发现在早、中更新世之交,青藏高原及其领区发生重大的构造隆升事件,并命名为“昆仑-黄河运动”,简称昆黄运动。河西走廊是青藏高原北缘祁连山的山前凹陷。在走廊西端酒西盆地老群庙背斜开展的古地磁和ESR年代学研究发现祁连山在约1.23MaBP发生构造活动,造成玉门砾岩内部出现不整合;第2幕强烈活动发生于0.93-0.84Ma,造成河西走廊地区酒泉砾石层和玉门砾岩区域性角度不整合。这两次构造运动在时间上与昆黄运动吻合。因此,本研究提供了昆黄运动在青藏高原北部表现的新证据。     

Evolution of the East Asian monsoon and its response to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau since 1.8 Ma recorded by major elements in sediments of the South China Sea

Evolution of the East Asian monsoon and its response to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has been investigated in the study of global change. Core sediment samples drilled in the South China Sea during ODP Leg184 are the best materials for studying long-term variability of the East Asian monsoon. R-mode factor analysis of major elements in the fine grain-sized carbonate-free sediments (<4 μm) of the upper 185 mcd splice of ODP Site 1146 drilled during Leg184 in the South China Sea shows that Ti, TFe2O3, MgO, K2O, P, CaO, and Al2O3 are representative of a terrestrial factor. The variation in the terrestrial factor score is subject to chemical erosion in the source region and thus indicates the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon. The terrestrial factor score has three stepwise decreases at ~1.3 Ma, ~0.9 Ma, and ~0.6 Ma, indicating the phased weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon is related to wholly stepwise, quick uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau since 1.8 Ma. The periodic fluctuation of the terrestrial factor score since ~0.6 Ma indicates that the glacial-interglacial cycles have been the main force driving the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. As in the case of Chinese loess, the long-term evolution of the East Asian monsoon recorded in sediments of the South China Sea reflects a coupled effect of the glacial-interglacial cycle and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Formation of the Yazi Spring Stream and its significance on tectonics-climate on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountains

The sequences of fluvial terraces in the Yazi Spring Stream are signs of the stepwise uplift of the Kunlun Mountains in the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau since the Late Pleistocene. Geomorphic and sedimentary features of the terraces reveal that they have resulted from the phased tectonic uplift and the consequent river incision in the northern plateau. Using the method of Single-aliquot Regenerative-dose （SAR） Protocol and Radiocarbon ^14C dating, the deposit ages of three-grade terraces were obtained, which are 57.5, 12.8 and 5.7 kaBP, respectively. The features and ages of terraces reveal that the incision rate of the stream accelerated at the beginning of the Holocene. The incision rate changed suddenly at 12.8 KaBP, from 0.43±0.07 mm/a to 1.59±0.55 mm/a. This implicates that uplift of the Kunlun Mountains is intensive at the first onset of the Holocene, corresponding to the obvious change of slip-rate on the AItyn Tagh Fault. But its uplift rate is much lower than that of the latter, which suggests that growth of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is stronger than its interior.     

平衡剖面反映的柴西新生代变形对青藏高原隆升的响应

柴达木盆地为一中新生代盆地,位于青藏高原北缘,盆内中新生代地层发育很好地记录了印度一欧亚板块自约55Ma以来碰撞传到高原北缘的地质事件.在最新的高精度磁性地层绝对年代控制下,通过盆内西部五条北东-南西向地震大剖面,用平衡剖面方法恢复了新生代以来盆地因两大板块碰撞而引起的地壳收敛缩短量.结果显示:在宏观上柴西地区存在两个相对快速收缩期:早始新世-渐新世和晚中新世或上新世-现今(E_(1+2)末-N_1,43.80～22.00Ma和N~2_2或N_2~3-现今,8.20或2.65～0Ma)和两个相对较弱收缩期:中生代末-早始新世和渐新世-晚中新世(M_z-E_(1+2)初期,65.00～43.80Ma和N_1末-N~2_2,22.00～2.65Ma)以及两个主要的断裂活动期次,早期路乐河组末-下干柴沟组上段时期(E_(1+2)-E_3~2)和晚期上油砂山组至今(N~2_2-Q).在微观上,盆地内部受自身断裂活动的控制,发育了独特的形态.表明在印欧板块碰撞高原隆升的早期,柴西地区就开始变形响应,随后盆地在整个新生代发展过程中,都处于板块碰撞高原隆升的大环境影响下而发生整体的变形缩短,同时自身的断裂活动控制了盆地的微观形态.