安徽东至早奥陶世红花园组生物礁:奥陶纪生物大辐射前的微生物礁

通过对安徽东至建新剖面红花园组的生物礁、微生物岩进行研究,发现蓝绿菌类Girvanella在生物礁中大量分布,是生物礁的主要造礁成分.其他造礁生物包括瓶筐虫、石海绵、腹足类、腕足类、棘皮类等.Girvanella以散乱分布、包壳、组成内碎屑以及与海绵伴生等4种方式在本区生物礁中存在,并且在生物礁成礁过程中以生物本体矿化作用及粘结、捕获颗粒的作用形成生物礁格架;瓶筐虫及石海绵为生物礁中的居住者,因此,生物礁性质为瓶筐虫/石海绵-微生物礁,微生物起到了主要的造礁作用.此外红花园组典型含生物礁沉积序列是由底部的生屑灰岩基底、中部的海绵层(少量微生物岩)及顶部的微生物岩组成的.通过与其他地区同时代生物礁的对比发现,东至建新剖面红花园组中瓶筐虫/石海绵-微生物礁的发育及微生物的繁盛是全球性的,是由于底栖生物扰动对潮下带微生物发育影响尚未彰显造成的.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪生物礁及其储集性能

应用沉积学和石油地质学理论,通过野外剖面观测、岩心观察、室内薄片和测试分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪生物礁进行了详细研究,认为有北部的乌海桌子山地区下奥陶统桌子山组珊瑚生物礁,中部的棋探1井下奥陶统克里摩里组层孔虫-海绵生物礁和南部的石节子沟上奥陶统背锅山组珊瑚生物礁。北部生物礁发育的时代早,南部晚;北段礁体生长发育2～3期,南段发育可达4期;北段及南段生物礁生长的水体环境相对较浅,中部相对较深。生物礁与各种滩共生,发育礁滩型储层,生物格架孔和组构选择性溶蚀的溶孔是其主要储集空间类型,物性条件显示其储集性能不佳;但是,生物礁处在有利于礁滩储层发育的台地边缘相带,可以作为油气勘探的重要目标。     

黔南拗陷泥盆系—二叠系生物礁特征及其含油气性

黔南拗陷泥盆系—二叠系生物礁广泛分布,按其发育的古地理位置可分为台缘礁和台内礁2种类型。台缘礁受北西向垭都—紫云—罗甸大断裂和与之交叉的北东向师宗—贵阳大断裂控制,规模一般比较大;台内礁主要受水下局部隆起(或断块)控制和海平面升降影响,规模一般比较小。台缘礁成礁环境以中—高能为主,台内礁成礁环境以低能为主;造礁生物主要为层孔虫、珊瑚、叶状藻、海绵等,而且在礁体发育的不同时期、不同阶段有一定差异。礁灰岩类型有骨架岩、障积岩-骨架岩、骨架岩-障积岩和黏结岩4种类型。研究表明:黔南拗陷泥盆系—二叠系生物礁具有较好的含油气性,有油气运移聚集的过程,油气勘探前景良好,是寻找生物礁油气藏的重点地区之一。     

湖北兴山中寒武统覃家庙群微生物岩及其古环境意义

通过野外考察及对岩石光面的观察,发现湖北兴山古洞口剖面中寒武统覃家庙群微生物岩的类型主要为波状-半球状叠层石,少量为凝块石。显微镜下观察发现叠层石及凝块石中保存有蓝绿菌类丝状微生物Girvanella,依据Girvanella丝状体在微生物岩中的赋存状态,认为覃家庙群的微生物岩是由底栖微生物群落的钙化和粘结、捕获等共同作用形成的。此外,古洞口剖面中寒武统微生物岩的宏观形态和巨型构造及其伴生的碳酸岩沉积相,指示其形成环境位于深潮下带和浅潮下带。通过对比研究,发现扬子地块表现出的中寒武世微生物岩再繁盛现象具有全球性,推测后生动物的匮乏或衰退是其主要控制因子,反映了生物礁结构由元古代的叠层石礁演变为显生宙的后生生物礁的重要转折。     

湖北兴山中寒武统覃家庙群微生物岩及其古环境意义

通过野外考察及对岩石光面的观察,发现湖北兴山古洞口剖面中寒武统覃家庙群微生物岩的类型主要为波状-半球状叠层石,少量为凝块石。显微镜下观察发现叠层石及凝块石中保存有蓝绿菌类丝状微生物Girvanella,依据Girvanella丝状体在微生物岩中的赋存状态,认为覃家庙群的微生物岩是由底栖微生物群落的钙化和粘结、捕获等共同作用形成的。此外,古洞口剖面中寒武统微生物岩的宏观形态和巨型构造及其伴生的碳酸岩沉积相,指示其形成环境位于深潮下带和浅潮下带。通过对比研究,发现扬子地块表现出的中寒武世微生物岩再繁盛现象具有全球性,推测后生动物的匮乏或衰退是其主要控制因子,反映了生物礁结构由元古代的叠层石礁演变为显生宙的后生生物礁的重要转折。     

贵州布寨泥盆纪生物礁的古生物学和古生态学特征

贵州布寨泥盆纪生物礁发育在独山组的鸡泡段和鸡窝寨段,大部分是骨架礁,主要由层孔虫和床板珊瑚构成。部分是障积礁,主要由枝状床板珊瑚和藻类构成。在礁组合中可识别出4个生物群落和一个生物组合,各生物群落和生物组合发育于各自互不相同的环境。根据生物群落和生物组合的生态分析及与邻区礁组合的生物群落对比,认为布寨礁发育在环境条件较为稳定的浅海,海水的温度、含盐度、清洁度、深度和水动力条件都比较适合造礁生物生长。图2,参9。     

贵州、广西石炭纪晚期生物礁群落生态系统对比

为了深入认识石炭纪晚期生物礁的生物和环境因素对礁体发育的影响,通过礁群落生态和栖息环境两个方面,对贵州、广西石炭纪晚期造礁生物群落生态特征、生物因素对礁群落发育的影响、礁体发育背景和礁体建造规模的影响等方面进行对比研究.贵州猴场地区造礁生物群落中关键种优势地位明显,造礁生物生长迅速、统殖能力强,礁体规模大使得生物礁发育较成熟;广西浪平地区点礁中没有明显的关键种和优势种,造礁生物生态特点不突出、造礁能力弱,滩相环境影响显著和礁体规模偏小是其礁体发育差的直接原因.     

贵州、广西石炭纪晚期生物礁群落生态系统对比

为了深入认识石炭纪晚期生物礁的生物和环境因素对礁体发育的影响，通过礁群落生态和栖息环境两个方面，对贵州、广西石炭纪晚期造礁生物群落生态特征、生物因素对礁群落发育的影响、礁体发育背景和礁体建造规模的影响等方面进行对比研究.贵州猴场地区造礁生物群落中关键种优势地位明显，造礁生物生长迅速、统殖能力强，礁体规模大使得生物礁发育较成熟；广西浪平地区点礁中没有明显的关键种和优势种，造礁生物生态特点不突出、造礁能力弱，滩相环境影响显著和礁体规模偏小是其礁体发育差的直接原因.     

晚古生代右江盆地层序格架中的生物礁

通过对右江盆地泥盆纪、二叠纪生物礁的时空分布和成因类型的研究,结合层序地层研究的成果,将其划分为低位礁、陆棚边缘礁、海侵礁、高位礁.低水位礁仅发育于台盆背景,以加积丘礁或点礁为特色,常与混屑浊积岩、硅灰岩、硅泥岩共生.陆棚边缘礁发育于台盆和斜坡背景,与低水位礁相比,具有礁体大、数量多的特点.由于海平面的向陆超覆而形成的海侵型台盆礁、斜坡礁、台缘礁、台内礁组合,具加积-退积型堆积序列,礁顶发育硬底、生物挠动面、海底溶蚀面、淹没面、水下中止面等,礁盖包括硅岩、火山碎屑浊积岩、放射虫岩、骨针岩、深水退积相、生物密集层、浮游相灰岩、含锰磷酸盐灰泥岩等,生长方式主要是追补式和中止式,以宝塔礁、链状礁、点礁为主.高水位礁以进积礁、加积礁和混积礁组合为特征,广泛发育于台内、台缘、斜坡、台盆等环境,具向上变浅序列,礁顶发育暴露面、岩溶面、冲刷侵蚀面、钙化壳、白云岩帽等,礁盖主要有残积相、开阔台地相、浊积相、丘滩相等,规模大、分布广,以堤礁、环礁、马蹄形礁为主.     

华南泥盆纪生物礁及其控制因素初探

华南中、晚泥盆世时生物礁非常发育,主要造礁生物为层孔虫及床板珊瑚。按礁体的发育程度及地貌特征,可分为“层状礁”及“丘状礁”两大类。这些生物礁的发育在纵向上有由南而北渐次推迟的趋势,横向上多邻近海槽边缘或陆缘碳酸盐岩台地边缘。生物礁的这些特征主要是受海西运动中活动的北西-南东向及北东-南西向两组断裂及其所塑造的以槽围台的古海底地貌、海流、淡水注入等因素的控制。华南泥盆纪海并非单纯的陆表海或陆缘海,而是具有两者的某些主要特征。华南泥盆纪的层状礁与加拿大泥盆纪的“低礁”较为相似,而丘状礁则与加拿大“高礁”及德国的泥盆纪礁类似。     

Types and biotic successions of Ordovician reefs in China

Ordovician reefs are located in the South China,Tarim,and North China blocks,in low-latitude epicontinental marine regions and mostly consist of large-scale carbonate platforms.During the Paleozoic,faunal radiation reef biota diverged and thrived in diverse paleogeographic settings.Algal reefs of the Early Ordovician,Calathium-lithistid sponge-algal reefs of the late Early Ordovician to early Middle Ordovician,and coral-stromatoporoid-algal reefs of the early Late Ordovician,indicate change from Cambrian to Paleozoic biota.Coral-stromatoporoid-algal reefs were the basic communities after 100 Ma.The macroevolution of biotic struc-tures generally shows increased complexity;the evolution of China’s reef biota parallels that worldwide.Important aspects are:(1) The Calathium-algal reefs from the early Tremadocian Nantzinkuan Formation,Zhangjiajie,western Hunan are the pioneer reefs,and the Darriwillian Yijianfang Formation,Bachu are the relic reefs.(2) The bryozoan-dominated reefs of the late Tremadocian Fenhsiang Formation,Middle Yangtze Platform are unique.(3) The early coral-stromatoporoid-algal reefs are highly restricted in China.(4) The algal reefs from the latest Katian on the western margin of the Yangtze Platform,represent an abnormal reef-building environment during the initial stages of Gondwanan glaciations.     

四川盆地下奥陶统混合沉积特征

混合沉积是沉积学中一个新的研究领域。四川盆地下奥陶统中广泛发育混合沉积。在前人研究成果的基础上,结合区域地质资料、钻(测)井资料以及岩心观察,重点研究了四川盆地下奥陶统混合沉积的沉积特征、成因类型以及混合沉积发育的控制因素,得到如下认识:1狭义的混积岩主要分布在川西南、川南西部和川中地区,川南东部、川东大部主要以碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩的互层或夹层混合沉积为主。2混积层系的成因类型主要包括渐变型、突变型、复合Ⅰ型、复合Ⅱ型。3混合沉积的发育受多种因素的联合控制,且相互影响。早奥陶世,上扬子地区构造活动较弱,由于海平面的逐渐上升造成物源供给面积的减少;同时偶尔受冷水流的影响,造成桐梓组比红花园组混合沉积更为发育,分布更为广泛。     

Biodiversity of Early-Middle Ordovician acritarchs and sea level changes in South China

Acritarchs are organic-walled cysts of unicellular pro- tists that cannot be assigned to any known group of or- ganisms. Most acritarchs are probably the resting cysts of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton. Because of their small size, abundance and diversity, as well as widespread distri- bution, acritarchs are very useful in biostratigraphic cor- relation, as well as paleobiogeographic and paleoenviron- mental studies. Furthermore, they represent the fossil re- cord of the base of the marine fo…     

The palaeoenvironmental implication of Early-Middle Ordovician acritarch communities from South China

As primary producers,acritarchs that represented the base of the food chain in the Early Paleozoic marine ecosystem formed the marine phytoplankton communities whose distributions might affect those of other faunas.Ten acritarch ecological assemblages with their distributions controlled by the environmental factors were recognized in the Meitan Formation of the Honghuayuan section,Tongzi,Guizhou Province,the Dawan Formation of the Huanghuachang and Daping section,Yichang,Hubei Province,and the Dacao Formati...     

欧龙布鲁克微地块下奥陶统复理石物源和构造背景研究

利用地球化学测试资料,依据大地构造学理论,对大煤沟剖面石灰沟组碎屑岩物源区性质及构造属性进行研究。结果表明:石灰沟组砂岩具有中等风化、快速堆积的特点,碎屑物质来源于上地壳酸性岩类,形成于活动大陆边缘构造背景;早奥陶世晚期,碎屑物质来自南侧滩间山陆-弧碰撞带的复理石向北的远端超覆,造成欧龙布鲁克微地块南缘大煤沟-城墙沟一带发生沉积岩、沉积相类型乃至沉积体系的转换;研究区不晚于488~471 Ma进入陆-弧碰撞阶段,寒武纪-早奥陶世,欧龙布鲁克海盆处于弧后位置,并非是被动大陆边缘盆地,而是与洋陆俯冲陆-弧碰撞有关的弧后盆地。     

Thermochemical sulfate reduction in fossil Ordovician deposits of the Majiang area: Evidence from a molecular-marker investigation

The main reservoirs of Majiang fossil deposits consist of the Silurian Wengxiang group, dominantly sandstones, and the Ordovician Honghuayuan formation, dominantly carbonate rocks, and the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation mudstones serve as the major source rocks. Thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) might have taken place in the Paleozoic marine carbonate oil pools, as indicated by high concentrations of dibenzothiophenes in the extracts (MDBT=0.27–4.32 μg/g extract, and MDBT/MPH= 0.71–1.38). Hydrocarbons in the Pojiaozhai Ordovician carbonate reservoirs have undergone severe TSR and are characterized by higher quantities of diamondoids and MDBT and heavier isotopic values (δ ¹³C=?28.4‰). The very large amounts of dibenzothiophenes might be products of reactions between biphenyls and sulfur species associated with TSR.     

Modern freshwater microbialite analogues for ancient dendritic reef structures

Microbialites are organosedimentary structures that can be constructed by a variety of metabolically distinct taxa. Consequently, microbialite structures abound in the fossil record, although the exact nature of the biogeochemical processes that produced them is often unknown. One such class of ancient calcareous structures, Epiphyton and Girvanella, appear in great abundance during the Early Cambrian. Together with Archeocyathids, stromatolites and thrombolites, they formed major Cambrian reef belts. To a large extent, Middle to Late Cambrian reefs are similar to Precambrian reefs, with the exception that the latter, including terminal Proterozoic reefs, do not contain Epiphyton or Girvanella. Here we report the discovery in Pavilion Lake, British Columbia, Canada, of a distinctive assemblage of freshwater calcite microbialites, some of which display microstructures similar to the fabrics displayed by Epiphyton and Girvanella. The morphologies of the modern microbialites vary with depth, and dendritic microstructures of the deep water (> 30 m) mounds indicate that they may be modern analogues for the ancient calcareous structures. These microbialites thus provide an opportunity to study the biogeochemical interactions that produce fabrics similar to those of some enigmatic Early Cambrian reef structures.     

Microbialite resurgence after the Late Ordovician extinction

Microbialites, including biogenic stromatolites, thrombolites and dendrolites, were formed by various microbial mats that trapped and bound sediments or formed the locus of mineral precipitation. Microbialites were common and diverse during the Proterozoic, but declined in abundance and morphological diversity when multicellular life diversified during the Cambrian Radiation. A second decline occurred during the Ordovician Radiation of marine animals, and from then until the present microbialites have been confined largely to high-stress environments where multicellular organisms are rare. The microbialite declines in the Phanerozoic are attributed to disruption of the mats by animals. A resurgence of stromatolite abundance and size during reduced animal diversity after the Permian extinction has been documented anecdotally. Here we show, with statistical support, that a microbialite resurgence also occurred after the Late Ordovician extinction event in western North America. The resurgences were associated with loss of mat-inhibiting animals, providing insights into shallow-water community structures after extinction events.