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本期学术论文审稿意见三则 微生物提高原油采收率技术经过多年的发展,目前已进入从室内研究向现场实施的过渡阶段,但微生物提高原油采收率的机理尚有待深入研究。本期第28-31页刊登的＂烃降解型微生物强化水驱提高原油采收率微观机理研究＂一文,以微观透明模型模拟油藏孔隙介质。通过驱替实验定性研究了烃降解型微生物提高原油采收率的微观机理,为微生物提高原油采收率技术的应用奠定了基础。     

黏弹性驱替液所产生的微观力对驱油效率的影响

多孔介质中的驱油效率一般是由宏观驱替压力梯度与油水间界面张力的比值来确定的.但是,当宏观驱替压力梯度恒定时,无法用宏观力去解释黏弹性对驱油效率的影响.为此,分析了弹性和非弹性驱替液作用在残余油上的微观力,以及作用在流动的弹性和非弹性流体中各"点"上应力的异同,用数学方法计算了流体支点受到不同大小应力对微观流线的影响,研究了微观流线的改变对作用在微观残余油上的作用力的影响;通过实验证明了在宏观压力梯度不变的条件下,增大的微观力主要作用在孔隙中各种残余油团的突出部位,使突出部位变形并移动.可视岩心模型实验结果证实了上述计算和分析的结论,给出了不同黏弹性流体对岩心驱油效率的影响,以及考虑黏弹性对驱油效率的影响因素后的数模计算结果,并且与现场大规模聚合物驱的效果以及现场密闭取心结果进行了对比.上述数学模拟计算、分析、实验室和现场试验结果都表明,当驱替液的弹性增加时,作用在残余油的微观力也会改变.结果是,在驱替压力梯度恒定的条件下,黏弹性驱替液比非弹性驱替液的驱油效率高.这种用微观流线和微观作用力的分析方法以及所得到的结论应有助于进一步了解多孔介质中驱油效率的机理,有助于优化驱油方案设计,有助于筛选和研制更好的化学驱油剂和分析注入非牛顿流体和凝胶时出现的现象.     

基于孔隙尺度的低渗透油藏CO_2驱替特征研究

基于多孔介质油气两相渗流理论,采用截断威布尔分布作为孔喉特征分布函数,模拟储层岩心的气驱油过程,建立了能够反映多孔介质孔隙尺度的油气两相三维孔隙网络模型,推导了不同CO2驱替相态下界面张力及接触角计算公式。利用建立的孔隙网络模型,研究了相态变化对驱替效率的影响,从微观角度分析了不同CO2驱替相态下的驱替特征和驱油效果。结果表明:对于孔隙度以及颗粒分布状况相同的储层结构,在注入条件相同的情况下,与非混相驱替相比,实现CO2混相驱可以将原油的驱替效率提高约15%。     

天然岩芯化学驱采收率机理的一些认识

用牛顿流体驱替一定的均质多孔介质系统结果显示,驱油效率由驱替液的毛管数决定.用化学液驱替天然岩芯时,除毛管数以外,还有很多其他因素影响驱油效率.天然岩芯,即使在宏观上是均匀的,在微观上也不均匀;驱替时所得到的效率一般被称为驱油效率,实质上是微观波及效率和驱油效率的乘积.牛顿流体没有弹性,驱替时,体系的润湿性不发生变化,...     

辽河油田冷43砾岩稠油油藏微观驱油效率研究

针对辽河油田今４３断块区为砾岩稠油油藏的特点，利用该油藏的岩芯铸体薄片制作了６块微观仿真地层模型，使用微观可视化物理模拟技术手段．借助显微镜、摄录机及图像分析技术等，直观地观察和分析研究了砾岩稠油油藏水驱油机理，以及原油粘度和储层孔隙结构对驱替机理和驱替效率的影响，分析了残余油分布特征，并给出了相应的结论．     

微观物理模拟水驱油实验及残余油分布分形特征研究

研究制作了能真实反映岩石孔隙结构的微观仿真孔隙模型,应用微观渗流物理实验模拟技术和图像分析技术,开展了微观模型水驱油物理模拟实验,对水驱油过程及微观物理模型中残余油的形成和分布进行了观察,模拟了不同驱替速度、孔隙结构、粘度比等条件下的水驱过程.应用分形几何学的基本理论,给出了数盒子法和R/S分析法定量研究微观残余油分形特征的关系式,结合水驱油残余油分布图像,建立了用分形维数定量表征残余油及空间分布的测定方法.研究结果表明,随驱替速度增大,形成的残余油量减少;随原油粘度增大,形成的残余油量增多.容量维数表征了残余油的多少,它与残余油饱和度、孔隙结构有关;分形维数则表征了残余油空间分布的非均质性,分形维数越大,残余油空间分布的非均质性越强.     

微观物理模拟水驱油实验及残余油分布分形特征研究

研究制作了能真实反映岩石孔隙结构的微观仿真孔隙模型，应用微观渗流物理实验模拟技术和图像分析技术，开展了微观模型水驱油物理模拟实验，对水驱油过程及微观物理模型中残余油的形成和分布进行了观察，模拟了不同驱替速度、孔隙结构、粘度比等条件下的水驱过程。应用分形几何学的基本理论，给出了数盒子法和R／S分析法定量研究微观残余油分形特征的关系式，结合水驱油残余油分布图像，建立了用分形维数定量表征残余油及空间分布的测定方法。研究结果表明，随驱替速度增大，形成的残余油量减少；随原油粘度增大，形成的残余油量增多。容量维数表征了残余油的多少，它与残余油饱和度、孔隙结构有关；分形维数则表征了残余油空间分布的非均质性，分形维数越大，残余油空间分布的非均质性越强。     

西峰油田特低渗弱亲油储层微观水驱油特征

目的研究特低渗弱亲油储层水驱油过程、水驱油效率及其影响因素。方法运用岩心实验和真实砂岩模型实验研究方法。结果西峰油田特低渗弱亲油储层微观水驱油效率平均49．3％，无水期驱油效率21．3％；孔隙中水主要是以活塞式驱油为主，非活塞式驱油少见；微观残余油主要以绕流和油膜形式存在；提高注水压力可使该类储层微观水驱油效率提高12％，并且当注水倍数大于2PV时对最终水驱油效率影响不大；表面活性剂能够提高此类储层的微观水驱油效率10％左右。结论弱亲油储层与亲水、弱亲水、中性特低渗储层的微观水驱油效率相当或无显著的差别，但无水期微观水驱油效率明显低于亲水性储层；孔隙结构是决定特低渗储层微观水驱油效率的主要因素。     

微生物水驱传输组分模型

微生物驱油是一种经济有效的三次采油方法.针对微生物在水油性油藏传输驱油的问题进行渗流数学理论研究.根据石油微生物学的多孔介质中微生物传输作用机制,首先建立了适合于两种微生物多种组分相互作用的组分模型.利用数值模拟理论,研制了油藏数值模拟组分模型模拟器,从而为微生物驱油的油田开发问题研究提供了理论方法和数值模拟工具.该模型除考虑水、油特性外,全面考虑了微生物的生长与衰竭、微生物间的竞争排它作用、诱导与阻遏作用、产物的增溶、降解等化学反应,扩散、沉浮、吸附等等.模拟组分为12个,是一个完善、实用的组分模型模拟器.模拟结果表明,该模型模拟器具有较强的功能,深入细致地反映了微生物的传输运移机制和各个组分的物理化学反应规律.可对微生物驱油的各类问题进行研究.     

微生物提高采收率微观机制

在模拟油藏条件下,利用微观仿真平板模型和分支盲孔模型,对水驱、微生物驱油过程中剩余油形态及流动现象进行显微观察和分析,研究微生物驱油和置换盲孔内剩余油的微观机制;利用动态扩张黏弹性流变试验,定量考察菌体本身及生物表面活性物质对油水界面膜的作用及对原油流动能力的改善作用.结果表明:微生物通过降解原油和代谢产生生物气体、生物表面活性物质等改变剩余油形态及分布;微生物驱具有气驱、气液界面滑动和剥离油膜等微观驱油方式;生物气能够在生物活性物质的辅助作用下,进入水驱、聚驱、气驱都无法波及的盲孔,置换出其中的剩余油;微生物菌体本身具有界面活性,能与代谢活性产物共同降低油水界面膜强度,提高原油流动能力.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-