煤柱宽度对综放回采巷道围岩破坏场影响分析

为了研究综放回采巷道围岩破坏场随护巷煤柱宽度变化的特征，采用计算机数值模拟（FLAC3D）对不同煤柱宽度综放回采巷道围岩破坏进行了研究。结果表明：不同宽度煤柱的巷道围岩在回采期间破坏有很大差异，极窄小煤柱完全破坏，中等煤柱压应力较高，较大宽度煤柱内存在弹性区，但造成的煤炭损失大：巷帮实煤体的破坏主要以剪切破坏为主，而煤柱的破坏则主要是剪切、拉伸复合破坏。合理的护巷煤柱宽度应大于保证煤柱不被压垮、不发生裂隙向采空区漏风、诱发自燃的最小煤柱尺寸，同时最大煤柱宽度应避免煤柱承受较高应力而失去稳定性。     

综采工作面回采巷道煤柱应力分析与参数优化

通过对大同煤矿集团有限责任公司同家梁矿81015综采工作面回采巷道煤柱中的应力观测，分析了回采工作面采动期间煤柱应力分布规律。运用数值模拟方法，研究了不同煤柱宽度下巷道围岩变形和破坏特征，确定了比较合理的煤柱参数，最后介绍了应用实例。     

孤岛工作面沿空掘巷合理窄煤柱宽度模拟

针对孤岛工作面的回采巷道留设大煤柱造成煤炭资源的损失,且较宽的区段煤柱在工作面回采后形成应力集中,影响邻近煤层的开采和底板巷道的稳定的问题.以城郊煤矿2107孤岛工作面回采巷道沿空掘巷为工程背景,采用UDEC数值模拟软件对2107工作面回采巷道不同宽度条件下的围岩稳定进行了分析研究,结果表明:当区段煤柱宽度为4m时,巷道围岩控制能满足工作面安全生产的需要.     

综放回采巷道护巷煤柱合理宽度分析

针对较薄厚煤层综放开采留煤柱护巷回采巷道围岩大变形、难支护的特点,基于弹塑性极限平衡理论分析得出的煤柱合理宽度计算式,以谢桥矿1151(3)综放面回采巷道为研究对象,定性定量分析护巷煤柱宽度合理留设的影响因素及相互间的力学关系.结果表明,提高支护阻力、优化支护参数、加大采空侧对煤柱的侧向约束力是提高巷道围岩和煤柱整体承载能力、保证巷道整体稳定性的有效途径.研究成果为类似条件综放开采留煤柱护巷煤柱合理宽度的确定提供了科学依据.     

煤柱宽度对综放面围岩应力分布规律影响

护巷煤柱宽度及巷道相对工作面位置的不同,将引起巷道围岩应力重新分布和岩层移动的差异,对回采巷道稳定性及其维护有重要影响. 以谢桥煤矿1151(3)综放面地质技术条件为背景,采用计算机数值模拟并结合现场实测研究,揭示了煤柱宽度变化对综放面围岩应力分布及变化规律的影响.研究表明,综放回采巷道护巷煤柱宽度的变化,不仅使煤柱内应力分布规律不同,而且使得相邻工作面煤体内应力分布规律也不同,二者应力分布随煤柱宽度变化而转移;巷道维护状态是工作面煤层和煤柱内应力场共同作用的结果,护巷煤柱的合理宽度应小于巷帮实体煤内应力向煤柱内转移的临界宽度.     

利用卸压巷道技术控制深井回采巷道变形破坏

煤矿深井回采巷道除受围岩压力影响外,还受回采工作面动压及相邻采空区基本顶运动的影响。巷道围岩变形破坏严重,底臌量大,维修困难。结合东海煤矿五采区左十二面回采巷道的地质和地压情况,提出了卸压巷道的解决方法,并分析了卸压巷道解决此问题的原理,对卸压巷道位置、支撑煤柱宽度、让压煤柱宽度、巷道宽度进行了计算。同时,将让压巷道作为回采工作面的排放瓦斯尾巷。东海煤矿的实践表明,该方法取得了很好的效果,卸压巷道在一定条件下可以解决深部巷道的变形问题。     

回采巷道煤柱临界宽度理论计算方法

为填补长壁工作面回采巷道煤柱合理尺寸设计的理论计算之空白,根据Hustrulid(1976)提出的煤体实验室标准试件强度值与现场临界立方体试件强度值的计算公式和Bieniaws-ki(1969)煤柱强度计算公式,推导出了回采巷道煤柱临界宽度理论计算公式。该计算方法及其理论解,在回采巷道煤柱合理尺寸的确定方面具有重要的理论价值和工程应用价值。     

多煤层回采留煤柱护巷技术

为解决多煤层回采煤柱护巷巷道的变形破坏问题,以南阳坡矿两个相邻回采工作面为研究对象,在确定煤柱宽度和错开距离的基础上,采用现场监测、理论分析和数值模拟等研究方法,确定出煤柱的合理留设尺寸和巷道支护方法,并最终确定多煤层煤柱的布置方案.研究结果表明:该方法能够有效的控制巷道围岩变形,巷道变形短期内即趋于平稳,且支护成本低,煤柱稳定性好.     

采动影响下回采巷道围岩控制技术与区段煤柱尺寸优化

区段煤柱合理宽度直接影响动压回采巷道围岩控制效果。本文针对崔家寨矿5~#煤层E12505工作面地质条件,提出采用锚梁网索联合支护技术控制围岩变形,并对支护参数进行系统优化。继而根据三维应力状态下煤岩体的极限平衡理论,推导出合理煤柱宽度理论值,同时采用FLAC~(30)模拟软件分析不同宽度煤柱受力状况。理论计算与数值模拟结果综合对比,确定了崔家寨矿5~#煤层回采巷道合理支护参数及煤柱尺寸(6~7m)。研究成果为复杂应力条件下巷道围岩稳定性控制、煤柱宽度的合理留设提供了理论依据。     

浅埋大采高工作面区段煤柱下合理留设宽度模拟研究

本文利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件通过建立模型对不同宽度煤柱下巷道围岩垂直应力、变形及破坏规律进行了研究分析。研究认为:随着煤柱宽度的增大,煤柱应力集中范围越来越小,应力集中系数越来越小,逐渐呈现均匀承载现象,同时巷道围岩位移量、煤柱塑性区、巷道围岩塑性区范围也逐渐减小。随着煤柱宽度的增大,煤柱弹性区域范围越大,煤柱越稳定,回采巷道越安全,考虑到煤柱过宽会造成资源的浪费,最终确定合理的区段煤柱尺寸在14~16 m之间。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-