LPG/柴油混合燃料喷雾特性的试验研究

采用高速摄影技术,对液化石油气(LPG)、柴油以及两种LPG／柴油混合燃料(LPG质量分数分别为30％及50％)的喷雾特性进行了对比实验研究,探讨了混合燃料成分、启喷压力、喷孔直径和喷射背压等参数对喷雾贯穿和喷雾形状的影响规律．研究结果表明,在相同的喷射条件下,纯LPG的喷雾贯穿距离最短,蒸发气化速度最快;四种燃料喷雾的贯穿距离均随背压的升高而减少,而其喷雾锥角则随背压的升高而增大;当背压大于LPG的临界压力时,两种混合燃料的喷雾贯穿距离和喷雾锥角均随喷射压力的上升、喷孔直径的增大而增大;背压对贯穿距离、喷雾锥角的影响均大于启喷压力．     

LPG/柴油混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸分布的数值模拟

运用最大熵原理和质量守恒定律,推导出混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸分布函数,建立了柴油和LPG/柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布模型,对纯柴油、LPG与柴油质量掺混比为30%的L30混合燃料进行了模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:由于LPG的闪急沸腾效应,LPG/柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布相对于柴油的尺寸分布向小颗粒方向偏移;计算数据与试验数据拟合很好,柴油中溶入LPG有助于改善雾化质量.     

汽化潜热和黏度对含氧燃料喷雾特性影响研究

通过配比柴油/生物柴油/正丁醇混合燃料、柴油/汽油/正庚烷混合燃料,分别和柴油/2,5-二甲基呋喃混合燃料的汽化潜热和黏度一致。基于高压定容装置,利用高速摄影技术对不同含氧燃料的宏观喷雾特性进行研究,分析汽化潜热和黏度的改变对燃料喷雾锥角和贯穿距离的影响。结果表明:含氧燃料的黏度增大,喷雾锥角和贯穿距离均变小;且对喷雾锥角影响显著。汽化潜热增大,会引起喷雾锥角的降低和喷雾贯穿距的增大。相比于其他两种含氧燃料,柴油/2,5-二甲基呋喃混合燃料在相同试验工况下的喷雾特性更好,有利于增强燃料雾化混合质量。     

喷油泵转速变化对乳化液喷雾特性的影响

采用高速摄影技术,研究了压力雾化喷嘴对甲醇、水和柴油多组元乳化液的雾化特性.结果表明:当实验工质为乳化液时,提高喷油泵的转速,喷油器喷嘴的有效喷射压力随之上升,喷雾贯穿速度提高,喷雾锥角增大,喷雾的持续时间增长;乳化液和柴油的喷雾有一定的差异,即柴油的喷雾锥角比乳化液的大,喷油器的嘴端压力比乳化液的小,喷雾持续时间也比乳化液的短.     

喷孔直径对戊醇/柴油混合燃料喷雾特性的影响

为了寻找清洁高效的柴油代用燃料,有效解决目前出现的能源危机和环境恶化的问题,在高压可视化定容弹试验台上利用高速摄影技术来研究柴油/戊醇混合燃料的宏观喷雾特性,分析了喷孔直径和燃料物性的改变对喷雾宏观参数的影响。结果表明,随着添加戊醇体积比的增加,混合燃料的粘度降低,喷雾贯穿距离减小,而喷雾平均锥角、喷雾相对面积和喷雾体积均有不同程度的增加,说明添加一定比例的戊醇能改善燃料的雾化特性;喷孔直径从0.10 mm增大至0.18 mm,混合燃料的喷雾锥角和贯穿距离的平均增幅分别为24.7%和28.0%,喷雾相对面积、喷雾体积均有大幅度增加。     

高压共轨燃油喷射雾化特性的数值预报

利用FLUENT软件,采用WAVE破碎及标准kε湍流模型,对高压燃油喷射雾化过程进行数值模拟研究;在可视化实验平台上,借助高速摄影技术,结合C#语言开发的图像处理软件,分析得出宏观喷雾特性。采用数值模拟方法获得了各种工况下的喷雾贯穿距和锥角等宏观特性的发展规律。研究结果表明:仿真结果与试验结果较吻合。喷射压力越大,喷雾贯穿距越大,喷雾锥角越小;背压越大,喷雾贯穿距越小,喷雾锥角越大;随着喷射时间的增加,单位时间内贯穿距离和喷雾锥角的增加幅度都呈逐渐减小的趋势。     

二甲醚喷雾特性的研究

采用高速摄影和激光阴影法在压力容弹中研究了喷油启喷压力、环境介质的密度、喷孔直径等参数对二甲醚喷雾特性的影响,并与柴油的喷雾特性进行了对比,结果表明：二甲醚的喷雾贯彻度小于柴油,喷雾锥角比柴油大;随着环境介质密度的增加,二甲醚的喷贯穿度减小,喷雾锥角增大;随着喷孔直径原增大,喷雾贯穿度和喷雾锥角均增大;当喷嘴启喷压力在10．0－15．0MPa之间变化时,二甲醚的喷雾贯穿度和喷雾锥角等特性没有变化。     

酸化油生物柴油喷雾特性试验

燃油的物理特性对喷雾过程有着重要的影响,本文利用高压共轨燃油喷射系统、定容弹（CVB）、纹影仪和高速摄像机,从贯穿距离和喷雾锥角等方面来探究酸化油生物柴油和普通柴油在高背压下喷雾特性的不同。研究结果表明：喷射背压为2 MPa 时,相同喷油压力下酸化油生物柴油的贯穿距离小于普通柴油;而在1 MPa背压时,其大于普通柴油。酸化油的喷雾锥角在两种背压下均小于普通柴油,而喷雾头部宽度大于普通柴油且相对较不规则。     

含稀相粒子的纳米燃油喷雾特性模拟研究

为了探究稀相纳米异质粒子对燃油射流喷雾特性的影响,基于纳米燃油喷雾可视化试验结果,应用计算流体力学软件建立含稀相纳米粒子的燃油喷雾模型,依据试验结果验证模型的准确性,并通过该模型研究喷油压力、环境温度和粒子质量浓度对CeO_2纳米燃油的喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明:在相同喷射压力下,不同喷雾发展时刻,纳米燃油的油束贯穿距和索特平均直径(Sauter mean diameter, SMD)比柴油的大,喷雾锥角比柴油的略小。随着喷射压力提高,纳米燃油与柴油在喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角和SMD上的差异增大,且差异与纳米粒子质量浓度呈正相关。当射流环境温度上升时,纳米燃油与柴油在喷雾贯穿距和SMD上的差异均有所增加,且在高温环境下,纳米燃油的贯穿距和SMD会逐渐比柴油的小,纳米粒子质量浓度越高,该现象越明显,而喷雾锥角的差距有所减小。     

柴油机燃用小桐子油的喷油及燃烧过程模拟

运用三维CFD软件,建立柴油机分别燃用纯柴油和小桐子油的计算模型.分析了柴油机燃用2种燃油的燃烧过程,模拟了喷雾的发展历程,通过在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上燃用柴油、小桐子油的试验来验证模型,模拟所得结果与试验结果较为吻合.通过对2种燃料的油滴颗粒发展和缸内燃油质量分数分布进行比较,对喷雾特性差异的成因进行了探讨.结果表明:不同燃油的质量分数分布变化的趋势大体相同,与柴油相比,小桐子油在喷射的初始阶段的喷射速度较柴油的略大,但主喷射期的喷射速度较低,油束的贯穿距离较小,小桐子油的喷射时间较早,在开始喷射后,小桐子油的质量分数分布变化速度明显小于柴油,到了燃烧后期,其燃油质量分数较高的区域较大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.