氯化镁含量对粉质粘土冻胀性影响的试验研究

季节性冻土区铁路路基的冻害问题是困扰工务部门正常运营维护的重大难题。以季节性冻土区青藏铁路环青海湖段路基冻害为背景,根据路基病害处理中采用的注盐法,考虑不同的氯盐含量,进行室内冻胀试验,对土体的冻胀特性进行分析。结果表明,随着含盐量的增加,土体的起胀温度逐渐降低,随着含盐量的增加,可有效降低土体的冰点,验证了注盐法整治路基病害的可行性。     

罗布泊地区天然盐渍土多次冻融循环试验研究

选取罗布泊地区亚硫酸盐渍土在开放系统中进行多次冻融循环试验,研究罗布泊地区亚硫酸盐渍土温度变化规律,盐冻胀特性。结果表明：罗布泊地区亚硫酸盐渍土的温度变化随时间呈抛物线型,同一深度的土体降温速率与升温速率相接近。在前六次冻融循环中,盐冻胀量与盐冻胀平均速度逐渐增大,且盐胀量具有较好累加性。并在第六次冻融循环时盐冻胀量达到最大值。土体在第七次冻融循环时盐冻胀量小于回落量,盐冻胀趋于稳定。     

季冻区粉质粘土路基的冻胀特性的模型试验研究

为对季冻区路基冻胀性能进行研究,以实际工程为依托,通过相似原理方法进行缩尺模型试验研究。在开敞式条件下进行单向冻融试验,分析在不同温度梯度条件下冻融循环两次过程中温度分布及冻胀特性。自行研制的冻胀设备能满足变形、温度等多项试验指标。试验测试结果表明：冻结速率随时间的增加呈现出降低趋势且具有一定的波动性;冻结深度随冻结负温的增加而增加,并且在-15℃时,最大冻深达到39cm;通过对冻结深度与时间关系进行分析提出冻结深度预测公式,通过对前人已有数据进行验证发现本文提出公式具有很好的适用性;在不同冷端温度与冻胀量关系中发现,当冻结负温在-10℃下,土体达到最大冻胀量。     

季冻区粉质黏土路基的冻胀特性的模型试验研究

为对季冻区路基冻胀性能进行研究,以实际工程为依托,通过相似原理方法进行缩尺模型试验研究。在开敞式条件下进行单向冻融试验,分析在不同温度梯度条件下冻融循环两次过程中温度分布及冻胀特性。自行研制的冻胀设备能满足变形、温度等多项试验指标。试验测试结果表明:冻结速率随时间的增加呈现出降低趋势且具有一定的波动性;冻结深度随冻结负温的增加而增加,并且在-15℃时,最大冻深达到39 cm;通过对冻结深度与时间关系进行分析提出冻结深度预测公式,通过对前人已有数据进行验证发现所提出公式具有很好的适用性;在不同冷端温度与冻胀量关系中发现,当冻结负温在-10℃下,土体达到最大冻胀量。     

青藏铁路清水河段拼装式涵洞地温与沉降变形的变化规律

根据对青藏铁路清水河段拼装式涵洞工程监测的地（气）温及沉降累积变形数据结果，运用Excel进行整理、分析总结归纳出：在多年冻土区由于涵洞工程的修建，打破了原天然外界环境下冻土的热状况，引起涵洞基底下不同深度土体所受到的外界影响呈现出差异性；通过对涵洞基底土体地温和沉降变形年波动变化的分析，结果表明，在一个冻融循环期间涵洞冻胀抬升变形总值是低于融化下沉变形的；在经过一个冻融循环期后，涵洞从整体上呈现了一个逐渐下沉的趋势；由于各测孔沉降变形的不均匀性，将会导致涵洞工程在运营过程中出现一些病害。     

多年冻土路堤水平排水板的作用机理与试验研究

为了解决青藏高原的冻土浅层雨季雨水下渗和蒸发所产生的冻土冻胀与融沉问题,在青藏高原开展水平排水板结构性路基和普通通风路基的原位模型对比试验,并从理论上探讨水平排水板在多年冻土路基中浅层重力排水和结构加劲的作用机理,确定水平排水板的铺设参数;运用光纤监测技术对水平排水板在多年冻土路基中的变形进行监测,对比分析水平排水板铺设与否这2种条件下冻土路基变形监测结果.研究结果表明:铺设水平排水板缩短了冻胀变形的冻结期,延长了相对稳定的稳定冻结阶段,减小了冻胀变形范围和冻胀变形;在铺设水平排水板的路基段,最大融沉变形为3.7 mm,累计最大冻胀变形为5.7 mm,而在未铺设水平排水板的试验路基段,最大融沉变形为3.1 mm,累计最大冻胀变形为9.2 mm.水平排水板在冻土路基工程中,可以有效控制雨水量在路堤下的下渗,减小雨水下渗量所带来的多年冻土路基的冻胀变形.     

疏干排水孔群整治路基冻胀的效果分析

根据兰新铁路路基土的冻胀特性,阐述了疏干排水孔群治理路基冻害的方法和机理,通过分析兰新线试验段内路基含水量的变化,同时通过在试验段上行用疏干排水孔整治和下行未整治作对比,来分析试验段冻胀量的变化,得出疏干排水孔群方法治理路基冻胀具有显著的效果,为其他铁路病害的治理起到一定的借鉴作用。     

路基初始含水率对多年冻土路基水热特征及冻胀变形的影响研究

多年冻土路基水热特征与冻胀变形变化规律的研究对于寒区道路冻害成因分析、道路工程设计及冻害治理等方面具有重要意义。本文以青藏公路某典型冻害地段为研究对象,应用含相变冻土路基的水热耦合与冻胀变形理论模型,对周期边界条件下路基初始含水率对多年冻土路基水热特征及冻胀变形的影响规律进行了计算分析。结果表明：在季节性气候变化的条件下,随着路基初始含水量的增加,路基和坡脚位置的多年冻土上界面逐渐上升,路基边界处的冰含量逐渐增加。当路基初始含水率由12%增加到36%时,4月份的路基中心和路肩处冻胀变形量依次增加了17.4mm和20.6mm。此外,路基内初始含水率的变化对路基各边界表面位置冻胀变形的影响程度由大到小依次为路基路肩、路基中心、路基坡脚和天然地表。     

石灰改良路基土的冻胀特性

为探求石灰改良路基土的冻胀特性,采用百分袁、冻融试验箱等组成冻胀试验装置,通过同条件试件内部温度传感器,实时观测试件内部冻结温度,对试验土体进行了开敞式室内冻胀试验.试验结果表明:在相同的含水率下,石灰掺量越大,土体冻胀率越小,土体起始冻胀的温度区间为-2℃左右,当温度降至-10℃时冻胀基本结束,-2℃～-8℃为冻胀现象明显的温度区间,冻胀随温度降低呈现4个阶段的变化;含水率越大,冻胀率越大,掺灰剂量越大,起始冻胀含水率越高;石灰的掺加在一定程度上能抑制土体的冻胀现象.     

考虑水盐运移的分散性盐渍土冻融破坏机制

为探究冻融循环过程中土体冻-盐胀破坏机理,结合冻结温度试验和扫描电子显微镜进行研究,分析了不同循环次数、不同盐的种类和不同含水率条件下的冻融循环对土体结构和性质的影响,得到了不同循环次数下的冻结温度变化曲线和不同含水率条件下冻土的SEM电镜扫描图片,并基于经典传热理论和水盐运移方程,建立数值模型,再现了冻融过程中的水盐运移过程,在此基础上结合试验对水盐运移过程中土体的破坏机制进行分析研究。研究结果表明：由于研究区土体的分散性,其冻结过程只存在恒定阶段和递降阶段,且随着冻融循环次数的增大,土体的冻结温度会先升高然后在某一温度保持稳定,这与冻融循环过程中土体粒度大小和颗粒排布的方式改变相关,内部的微裂隙逐渐贯通;土体在冻融循环过程所发生的水盐迁移是土体强度和结构发生变化的重要原因,且随着冻融循环过程的进行,土中的水盐成分会在温度梯度和溶质梯度的影响下产生迁移和积累;相较于碳酸氢钠,硫酸钠在冻融过程中对于土体结构的改变更为显著,具体表现在冻结过程中硫酸钠结晶析出体积变为原来的3.18倍,导致冻融循环后土体膨胀。本研究有助于揭示季节性冻土区含盐冻土工程的冻融破坏机制。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.