江汉平原秸秆焚烧污染物排放的估算

为了解江汉平原地区秸秆焚烧的危害, 通过入户调查确定该地区主要农作物秸秆露天燃烧的比例, 用排放因子法估算2010 年该地区主要农作物秸秆焚烧排放的大气污染物量, 结合入户调查的结果、MOD/ MYD14A1 和GLC2000-China 的地表覆盖数据, 分析该地区农作物秸秆焚烧排放的时空分布。结果表明, 2010 年江汉平原秸秆焚烧共排放73.3 Gg (1 Gg=109g) PM2.5, 18.6 Gg OC, 3.27 Gg BC, 7763 Gg CO2, 238 Gg CO, 10.6 Gg CH4, 28.6 Gg NMHCs, 0.382 Gg N2O, 5.74 Gg NH3, 8.26 Gg SO2 和17.1 Gg NOx, 其中5 月、9 月和10 月是秸秆焚烧的高峰期。在所有县市中, 监利县、仙桃市和天门市是秸秆焚烧排放最多的3 个地区, 荆州市市辖区是单位面积农田上秸秆焚烧PM2.5 排放最高的地区; 在所有的农作物中, 水稻秸秆焚烧对排放的贡献最大, 其次是油菜和小麦。     

Emission inventories of primary particles and pollutant gases for China

Detailed high-resolution emission inventories of primary particles(PM2.5,BC and OC) and pollutant gases(SO2,NOx,NH3,CO and VOCs) for China in 2007 were constructed on the basis of the latest fuel consumption data,mostly at the county level,and from socio-economic statistics and data on fossil and biomass fuels obtained from government agencies.New emission factors reflecting local features were also used.The calculated emissions were 13.212 Mt PM2.5,1.4 Mt BC,2.946 Mt OC,31.584 Mt SO2,23.248 Mt NOx,16.017 Mt NH3,164.856 Mt CO and 35.464 Mt VOCs.The national and regional emissions were gridded with 0.5°× 0.5° resolution for use in air quality models.Larger emissions were found in eastern and central China than in western China.The emissions estimated here are roughly equal to those obtained in previous studies,but with different contributions from because of seasonal changes in residential heating and biomass combustion.Finally,uncertainties in inventories were analyzed.     

Estimation and prediction of black carbon emissions in Beijing City

Black carbon is a by-product of incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels. It can alter atmospheric radiation property and make adverse impacts on human health. The energy consumption in Beijing City depends largely on coal burning. Recently, Beijing City has been performing the municipal energy structure adjustment as a tool for air pollution abatement, aiming at the air quality goal for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Based on Beijing energy use data in 2000, combined with emission factors of major sources of black carbon, the emission of black carbon in Beijing City is estimated to be 7.77 Gg. Coke, raw coal and biomass as non-commercial energy are the main contributors to municipal black carbon emissions. Based on Beijing energy planning in the year 2008, the emission of black carbon in 2008 will be 2.97 Gg if the contribution from biomass is not taken into account. Assuming that the black carbon emission from rural biomass in 2008 is the same as that in 2004, the biomass burning will be the largest emitter of black carbon to Beijing City in 2008.     

中国秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放时空分布

秸秆露天焚烧过程中释放的各种气态污染物和颗粒物,是我国大气污染的重要来源之一。本研究通过问卷调查和模型计算,确定了我国秸秆露天焚烧的活动水平,采用排放因子法建立了我国秸秆露天焚烧一次大气污染物的排放清单,并分析了其时间和空间分布特征。根据问卷调查结果,我国农村平均秸秆露天焚烧比例为18.59%,焚烧量最大的为农业发达的华东和华北地区,高峰在10月前后。2006年,我国生物质露天焚烧主要大气污染物的排放量为PM2.5217万t,BC4.9万t,OC48万t,SO26.0万t,NOx36万t,NMVOC87万t,CO731万t,CO215450万t,CH437.4万t,NH38.4万t。     

北京地区甲烷排放的变化趋势和分布特征

依据国际上编制国家甲烷清单的方法,建立了北京城市尺度的甲烷排放清单,分析了北京地区甲烷排放的分布规律,并按10km×10km网格给出了北京地区甲烷排放强度的分布状况。1999年北京地区甲烷排放总量为296.29Gg,大约占全国排放总量的0.9%。其中,最主要的甲烷排放源为城市垃圾和化石燃料。城市垃圾源强为161.60Gg,占北京地区甲烷排放总量的54.6%;化石燃料源强为96.08Gg,占排放总量的32.4%。这充分反映了北京作为一特大城市甲烷排放受人为源干预强的特征。     

Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China

Emissions resulting from crop straw field burning in China, which have caused serious environmental problems in China, are estimated in this paper. From the county-level data of crop production in 2000-2003 from the government statistics, taking into account the ratio of residue and grain, the total amount of crop straw production is estimated to be about 600 Tg per year, 76% of which are rice, wheat and corn straw. With reference to the data of living standards, the percentage of crop straw burnt in fields for counties are obtained and consequently the total amount of burnt straws is approximately 140 Tg/year. With the emission factors from literature and experiments, appropriate emission factors have been obtained. The total amounts of PM, SO2, NOx3, NH3, CH4, BC, OC, VOC, CO, CO2 emissions from field burning of crop straw in China are estimated. All emissions are presented at county level. Some pollutants, such as BC, VOC, OC, CO and CO2, are contributing a major portion to the total emissions of China. This paper uses a map with resolution of 0.2°×0.2°to present the PM emissions distribution from crop straw burnt in 2003. The results show a significant regional unevenness of emissions, with larger amounts of pollutions coming from the provinces in eastern and northeast China. The regions with higher emissions per unit area are located as a belt stretching from northeast China to eastern China.     

Empirical analysis of influencing factors of carbon emissions in transportation industry in Fujian Province,China

The transportation industry has become an important source of carbon emissions with rapid economic development and the acceleration of urbanization. Identifying the key factors of carbon emissions is crucial for energy conservation, emission reduction and green development in the transportation industry. Here, variance analysis was used to study the influencing factors of carbon emissions in the transportation industry in Fujian Province, China. The results showed that transportation efficiency have the most significant impact on carbon emissions, followed by carbon emission intensity in transportation, and then the transportation structure. Meanwhile, there was a significant interaction between transportation efficiency and structure. Therefore, innovative energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies for transportation efficiency should be studied as the focus for the green and low-carbon development of the transportation industry.     

银川市商品住宅价格与环境的响应分析

由调查问卷结果得出,银川市居民在选择住宅区位时,影响商品住宅价格的主要因子是区位因子,交通条件因子,教育设施因子,自然环境因子.运用缓冲区分析方法分别提取103个商品住宅小区的TM-NDVI指数来定量反映样本周围的环境状况,提取道路长度、公交站点数来定量反映样本的交通便捷度,提取中小学个数来定量的反映样本周围的教育设施状况.在此基础上,结合定量与定性的分析方法进一步研究银川市三个市辖区居住环境与价格的响应关系,金凤区价格与环境的响应度最高,其次是西夏区,兴庆区的响应系数为负相关.     

上海市建筑碳排放核算研究

为有效实现建筑业的节能减排,实现碳达峰和碳中和,对建筑碳排放核算方法进行研究。以生命周期理论为基础建立了城市层面的建筑碳计算模型,并以上海市住宅及非住宅建筑为研究对象核算出上海市建筑领域碳排放。对比上海市住宅建筑及非住宅建筑碳排放量,研究上海市建筑碳排放趋势。研究结果表明,2010—2020年,上海市建筑领域碳排放持增长态势,其中建材生产阶段和建筑运行阶段是对建筑总体碳排放量贡献最大的两个阶段。从不同建筑材料碳排放量占比来看,钢材的碳排放量是建材碳排放量中最高的,所占比例超过了50%,其次是水泥、铝材。在建筑减碳路径方面,结合建筑各生命周期阶段的碳排放核算结果,提出了对应的减排对策。     

基于蓄积量和产量的中国天然源VOC排放清单及时空分布

以中国植被为对象, 基于森林、草地资源清查和统计年鉴提供的各类植被蓄积量、产量资料以及《中国植被图(1:1000000)》提供的植被构成资料, 通过将蓄积量、产量换算成叶生物量, 并应用Guenther提出的光温影响模型估算中国各植物的VOC排放量, 建立了中国天然源VOC排放清单, 并探讨了VOC的来源组分和时空分布规律。结果表明: 2003年中国植被VOC总排放量为12.83 Tg, 其中异戊二烯7.45 Tg (58%)、单萜烯2.23 Tg (17%)、其他VOC 3.14 Tg (25%); 不同植物的VOC排放量差异较大, 各类型植被排放贡献率为森林 (61%)>灌丛(27%)>农作物(7%)>草地(5%); 南部和东北地区为中国天然源VOC主要排放区域; 天然源VOC排放存在明显的季节变化, 夏季排放量最大; 不同龄级森林对VOC排放的贡献有所不同, 中龄林贡献最多。     

Mercury release flux and its influencing factors at the air-water interface in paddy field in Chongqing, China

The exchange of mercury(Hg) across the air-water interface is an important part of Hg biogeochemical cycle.Mercury fluxes across the air-water interface in paddy fields were measured by a Dynamic Flux Chamber(DFC) coupled with a Lumex multifunctional mercury analyzer RA-915+ at two sites(Chengjiang(CJ) and Caoshang(CS)) in Beibei,Chongqing,China in 2008.The results showed that mercury emission followed a power-law relationship with solar radiation and air temperature,and it increased exponentially with water temperature at both sites.Mercury emission was mainly influenced by the solubility of gaseous elemental Hg,photo-thermal effect,electron activity(Eh) and air Hg concentrations.Solar radiation made the greatest direct contribution to mercury emission during the daytime(0.80),with an 83.60% contribution,whereas at nighttime the water temperature(0.72) contributed to 71.65% of emissions.The temperature gradient between water and air might also influenced mercury emission across the air/water interface at nighttime.These findings suggest that paddy fields could act as a significant source of atmospheric mercury,and it can contribute significantly to the atmospheric mercury in a local region.     

Characterization and assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from typical industries

VOCs play an increasingly important role in affecting air quality and threatening human health in China in recent years,where industry activities show a significant contribution to VOCs emission.In this article we report our long term study of industrial VOCs emissions of six major industries (vehicle manufacturing,printing,equipment coating,electronic manufacturing,furniture manufacturing and bio-pharming) on the aspects of emission characteristics,environmental impact and health risk assessment,and control challenge analysis with the purpose to obtain in-depth understanding of industry VOCs emissions and offer some original basements for national control and management of industry VOCs emissions.This study shows that all these industries give middle or low emission with total VOCs concentration less than 1000 mg/m3 at each exhaust pipe.Benzenes,esters,alcohols,ketones,alkanes,chloroalkanes and alkenes were detected as the major emission components and the most frequently monitored VOCs were benzenes,which varied obviously with different processes and industries.The environmental impact assessments indicate that vehicle manufacturing and benzenes should be prior controlled with the purpose to reduce air pollution.While,health risk assessments suggest that furniture manufacturing and chloroalkanes should be firstly controlled.Control analysis indicates that developing technologies with low cost and high efficiency and establishing and completing specific industry emission standards/regulations are the two key issues in VOCs emission management at present stage.     

黑碳气溶胶排放量测算及空间分布研究

 基于统计学方法计算了中国大陆省域2012年黑碳气溶胶排放清单。研究表明,2012年中国大陆黑碳排放总量为188.676×10⁴ t,其中居民生活源排放量为81.800×10⁴ t,占黑碳排放总量的43.3%,位居首位。工业在生产和最终消费中排放黑碳80.914×10⁴ t,占全国排放的42.9%,工业源和居民生活源排放量占总量的86.2%,是中国黑碳最主要的排放源。交通运输和生物质燃烧放排放量分别为17.809×10⁴和6.667×10⁴ t,分别占总量的9.4%和3.5%。火电和供暖行业排放量较小,仅占到排放总量的0.8%。从能源类型看,黑碳主要来源于煤炭和生物燃料燃烧,分别占54%和31.6%。黑碳排放省域空间分布不均匀,呈东高西低的趋势,与区域经济发展情况和农村人口密度一致;从各个地区来看,山西省在全国黑碳排放量中位居首位,河北、山东、河南、内蒙古依次位列前5,这5个省份贡献了全国约37%的排放量。山西省的主要排放源来自工业,占全省排放的82.4%。山西是煤炭大省,炼焦行业发达,煤炭的大量使用造成该省较高的黑碳排放。河北、山东的排放源主要贡献也来自工业,分别占本省排放量的61.5%和57.5%,同时居民消费也占有一定比例。河南省农村人口密度较高,居民生活源黑碳排放占总量的50%,内蒙古则由工业源和生活源共同贡献,两者贡献比例各占45%左右。     

环境空气质量数值模拟及其在上海道路交通规划环境评价中的应用

对上海市的主要大气污染物(SO2,NOx,CO),在污染源排放数据统计分析的基础上,建立了它们的排放清单,采用ISCLT3模型对上海市环境空气质量的现状进行模拟计算,并应用于城市道路交通规划大气环境影响预测.还分析了现状与规划实施后,上海市不同区域各类污染源排放的分担率和环境浓度贡献率.研究结果表明:NOx及CO在大工业点源所在区域及中心城区的排放量均较大,年均浓度最高值均分布在浦西内环线内及宝山的部分地区.随着路网系统的完善,可使NOx及CO的污染情况在市中心范围得到有效的控制.     

生命周期视角下城市碳足迹核算及实现碳中和的路径建议

基于生命周期视角构建了城市碳足迹核算框架及方法学模型,系统地核算及追溯了碳排放在开放的城市“自然-经济-社会复合生态系统”中的足迹,主要涵盖城市地域边界内的直接生产碳排放以及跨境间接碳排放（主要包括城市所需的关键支撑物质、排放的主要废弃物,以及跨境交通分别在上游、下游产生的间接碳排放）,并选取深圳市作为案例进行分析．结果表明,2015年深圳市碳足迹总量为6566.19万t CO_2e,具体为:1）城市内主要产业部门及居民消费的能源活动及非能源活动引起的直接碳排放量（Scope 1）为3282.38万t CO_2e,占深圳市碳足迹总量的49.99%,其中工业能源部门占比最大,为36.95%;2）城市外调电力消费引起的间接碳排放（Scope 2）占城市碳足迹总量的18.89%;3）跨境运输、关键支撑物质的上游产业链以及废弃物在下游处理过程中隐含的间接碳排放（Scope 3）占城市碳足迹总量的31.12%,其中5.37%来自跨境交通,22.26%来自主要物质上游供应链,3.49%来自下游废弃物处理．由此可知,2015年深圳市在城市上下游跨边界的间接碳排放量与城市内部的直接排放量相当,不容忽视．研究结果可为厘清城市自身碳排放现状及应对碳中和战略提供政策建议及管理启示．      

1.5ºC和2ºC目标下中国交通部门2050年的节能减排协同效益

利用能源系统模型IMED|TEC, 构建可实现2oC和1.5oC温升目标的碳约束情景(2度情景和1.5度情景), 分析中国交通部门低碳化的能源结构变化和空气污染改善的协同效益。研究结果表明, 2oC和1.5oC温升目标下, 2050年能源消耗比基准情景分别下降12%和33%, 能源结构从传统的油制品占主导转变成使用更清洁的生物质能, 甚至电能和氢能。2度情景下生物质能占总能耗的35%, 而在1.5度情景下, 氢能、电能和生物质能占总能耗的67%以上。同时, 中国交通部门脱碳能够带来显著的空气污染物减排协同效益。2度情景下, 到2050年CO₂排放量减少38%, 对应交通部门主要排放空气污染物NOx, SO₂和PM_2.5分别减排35%, 34%和38%。1.5度情景下, 污染物减排量是2度情景的两倍以上, 但对于航空部门和水运部门, 其污染物减排量较小。     

特斯拉汽车产业规划布局对中国电能耗和碳排放的影响评估

 随着新能源汽车尤其是纯电动汽车的发展，其对电力的需求越来越大，由此对中国电力系统造成的压力以及碳排放等问题需要格外关注。以近来发展迅速的特斯拉汽车为例，针对特斯拉充电设备在全国的快速扩张，通过统计调查、资源环境等多源数据，运用空间信息技术对充电站的空间分布以及对中国电力和碳排放的影响做出评估。分析表明，预计到2025年全国特斯拉电动汽车总耗电量将达到165.54亿kW·h；相对于传统燃油汽车，纯电动汽车所带来的减排效果足以弥补其增加的供电碳排放量。     

基于 EIO-LCA 模型的中国 1992—2012 年碳排放结构特征研究

构建非竞争型投入产出表, 计算1992—2012年中国碳排放数据, 利用EIO-LCA方法对排放结构特征进行分析。结果表明: 我国碳排放总体上呈快速上升趋势。从部门结构来看, 隐含排放量最多的为建筑业。从类型结构来看, 1992—2012年我国碳排放增长的主要原因在于投资活动、出口及城镇居民消费规模的大幅增长。投资活动占最终需求总增量的55.83%, 其隐含排放主要在部门28 (建筑业)。出口占最终需求总增量的24.38%, 其隐含排放主要集中在制造业, 我国出口隐含碳排放总体上较高。城镇居民消费占最终需求总增量的14.99%, 其隐含排放主要集中在部门 25 (电力、热力的生产和供应业)。1992—2012年间, 部门28,17 (通用、专用设备制造业)和35(其他服务业)的增幅最明显, 三者共占总增量的60.45%; 部门22 (其他制造业), 2 (煤炭开采和洗选业), 5 (非金属矿采选业), 3 (石油和天然气开采业)和8 (纺织业)的碳排放保持下降趋势。     

工业发展对SO2排放的影响分析

工业生产是对环境产生影的最大和最直接的经济活动,而分析工业发展对SO2排放量的影响成为认识工业对环境影响的重要方面.在了解我国工业发展与工业SO2排放情况的基础上,对1995～2008年间的工业SO2排放量从工业规模、结构和技术变化三个方面进行了拆分,并计算了三者对工业SO2排放的贡献率.结果显示:近十几年来对我国工业SO2排放量变化影响最大的是生产规模的扩大,工业SO2排放量的增加主要是由于工业生产规模的扩大引起的;工业技术进步对SO2排放量减少的贡献较为明显,是抵消由生产规模扩大产生的SO2排放的主要原因;工业结构变化对SO2排放的作用较小,并且波动性较大.     

基于能源消费的江苏省碳排放特征及规律分析

基于江苏省能源消费的统计数据,利用碳排放方法分析了2002—2010年不同能源消费类型和不同产业部门的碳排放特征．结果表明：碳排放量是随着能源消费量的增加而增加的,碳排放强度由于GDP的快速增加,呈现了快速下降的趋势．在碳排放总量中,第二产业的能源消费是主要的碳排放来源,年均增长率为14．9％,其中,工业占主导地位,年均碳排放量为51．84Mt;生活消费和第三产业碳排放次之,年均增长率分别是2．23％和3．4％．而在第二产业中,原煤是工业碳排放的主要来源,年均碳排放量为31．15Mt．江苏省能源消费碳排放总量增长速率小于GDP的增长速率,导致各年碳排放强度以年均5．2％的幅度下降,进一步表明在经济快速发展的同时,还未实现CO2绝对减排．