上海城市燃气输配管网失效模糊故障树分析法

采用故障树法,对引起上海城市燃气输配管网失效的各个因素进行系统分析,建立上海城市燃气输配管网失效故障树.通过该故障树的定性分析,可得引起管网失效的27个最小割集;通过定量分析,则可以计算其顶事件的发生概率及进行底事件的重要度分析.采用专家调查和模糊集理论相结合的方法,评估故障树底事件发生概率的模糊性,并以上海城市燃气输配管网故障树系统中的“杂质堵塞”这一底事件为例,计算出其模糊失效率为0.0048.     

城市埋地燃气管道模糊故障树分析

文章采用故障树分析法,对引起城市埋地燃气管道失效的各个因素进行系统分析,建立了埋地燃气管道失效故障树;利用VB编程,采用Fussel-Vesely算法得到引起管道失效的104个最小割集;采用专家判断和模糊集理论结合的方法,评估故障树底事件的模糊发生概率;并以"强度设计不合理"为例,计算出其模糊发生概率为6.89×10-4;通过定量分析,计算得到故障树顶事件的发生概率为5.43×10-2及各底事件的重要度。     

基于故障树加权的柴油机供给系统的可靠性分析

要计算故障树顶事件的概率,必须知道各个底事件的分布类型和参数估计值,由于机械元件的失效数据在过去和将来都是难以获得的,尤其在中小企业的条件下更是如此,从而使设计人员陷入困境.采用故障树加权方法,即使只知道故障树中一、二个事件的失效概率也能预测整个系统的可靠性,并通过柴油机供给系统的可靠性分析得到验证.     

建筑供应链风险模糊故障树评估

为科学地对建筑供应链的风险进行评估,采用故障树分析方法,对引起建筑供应链失效的各风险因素进行分析,建立了建筑供应链失效的故障树.在对故障树进行定性分析的基础上,找出了建筑供应链失效的主要模式.采用信心指数法,将专家数据修正为三角模糊数,运用模糊集理论和故障树相结合,计算了底事件发生概率及各事件的模糊概率重要度.通过分析模糊概率重要度指标,得出了建筑供应链在实施前应首先规避的风险.结果表明:为建筑供应链的风险评估提供了可靠手段.     

基于模糊故障树的矿井提升制动系统安全评估

基于模糊理论及故障树分析法,对矿井提升系统进行分析,对于某些情况下矿井提升系统各基本事件发生故障的概率具有模糊性和不确定性,运用布尔逻辑门故障树方法对提升机系统顶事件进行可靠性安全评估,通过对底事件的模糊分析得到顶事件可能失效的概率,并通过系统和各部件的关键重要度计算来找到系统可能出现故障的薄弱环节,并对薄弱环节的改进提供了指导方向。     

汽车驱动桥系统模糊故障树分析研究

应用模糊故障树分析方法对汽车驱动桥系统的可靠性进行了研究,简要介绍了模糊故障树分析方法的基本理论和汽车驱动桥系统的基本结构,建立了汽车驱动桥系统的故障树.采用上行法求解所建立的故障树的最小割集,用三角型及正态型模糊数描述底事件发生概率的区间表示方式和计算方法,对所建立的故障树进行了定量计算.以某汽车驱动桥为实例,对相关方法的应用进行了分析,结果表明,应用三角型和正态型模糊数方法的计算结果差别不大,轴承磨损失效是该汽车驱动桥分系统失效的关键事件.     

炮射导弹系统的故障树分析

炮射导弹是中国近年来新研发的新型武器装备.为了解决炮射导弹在使用过程中出现的各种问题,通过收集该产品在发射周期前、发射周期、飞行过程、作用过程中曾经出现的失效现象,采用故障树分析法,以7类重大故障模式为顶事件绘制故障树,对故障树进行定性分析,确定各中间事件和底事件并找出故障树的最小割集,确定各底事件发生故障的概率并定量计算概率重要度和关键重要度,通过专家打分及层次分析法算出失效因素综合权重,并表明需要重点控制的底事件.该系统的故障树分析可以为炮射导弹发生故障时的故障排查、故障分析以及故障解决提供合理化建议,提高故障归零效率,同时为同类别其他系统的设计及故障诊断提供参考.     

基于模糊集合理论的液压缸故障树分析方法研究

文章针对汽车起重机液压缸故障,建立了一个比较完整的故障树;针对液压缸故障树分析时存在底事件故障概率获取不足的特点,将模糊集合理论和专家判断法引入故障树分析法(fault tree analysis,FTA)中,使故障树具有处理模糊信息的能力;在对故障树进行传统定性分析的基础上,将底事件发生概率的可靠性数据与通过模糊计算获得的模糊概率相结合进行故障树定量分析。结合某型号汽车起重机实例数据进行分析,估计出了故障树子树顶事件的模糊故障概率及其各底事件的重要度。     

重整加热炉模糊故障树分析研究

应用模糊故障树分析方法研究了连续催化重整装置中三合一组合式加热炉的可靠性.以重整加热炉工艺失常为顶事件,建立故障树,采用上行法定性分析找出该故障树的31个最小割集.引入模糊集理论中的模糊数概念,采用尖型L-R模糊数描述故障树中各底事件的发生概率.按照模糊逻辑门的运算法则定量计算故障树各中间事件及顶事件的发生概率区间.在各中间事件中,炉管故障的发生概率最高,且辐射室炉管故障明显高于对流室,从而确定出辐射室炉管为加热炉的薄弱环节.研究结果表明:对于很难或无法获得底事件发生概率准确值的石油化工设备而言,模糊故障树是一种有效实用的可靠性分析方法,与传统的故障树方法相比,计算得出的结果更加科学合理,更接近工程实际.     

基于面向对象软件的故障树技术研究

故障树模型是导致系统失效的基本事件之间逻辑关系的图形表示,应用于系统失效模型的定性和定量分析.面向对象软件可靠性分析过程包括面向对象软件故障树构造、故障树简化及量化、依据基本事件失效概率确定系统失效( 顶部事件)的概率等.继承性是面向对象软件的特性.文章提出了一个从类的继承关系图( 类层次图或类格)构造面向对象软件故障树的构造算法,并且提出了构造多层故障树的设想 .     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-