飞机主动式余度作动舵面铰链力矩飞行测量方法

现代飞机舵面大多采用主动式余度作动系统。这种系统固有的力纷争现象,导致传统的基于原位载荷校准试验的飞机结构载荷测量方法,不再适用于现代飞机操纵舵面铰链力矩飞行测量。提出了一种基于离位载荷校准试验和原位载荷验证试验的飞机舵面铰链力矩测量方法,建立了相应的载荷测量模型,分析确定了铰链力矩测量精准度的影响因素,给出了可能引起的系统误差的验证和修正方法,形成了主动式余度作动舵面铰链力矩飞行测量流程。通过多型飞机舵面铰链力矩测量试飞,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性;提高了飞机舵面铰链力矩测量的精准度,为飞机舵面设计载荷验证与优化提供了可靠的实测载荷;得到了飞机舵面各作动机构的载荷分配,实现了飞机舵面作动系统力纷争的飞行监测,确保了飞行安全。     

基于神经网络的机翼结构载荷模型建立方法

建立以飞行参数为变量的机翼结构载荷模型是飞行安全监控及飞机疲劳寿命估算的重要技术基础.首先将机翼燃油质量对其结构载荷的影响分离,在此基础上依据飞机结构载荷与飞行参数间的相关性,通过相关分析结合主成分分析的方法确定了低维数且互不相关的建模参数,并采用高斯-伯努利受限玻尔兹曼机预训练的BP神经网络方法实现了模型建立.以飞机跨音速俯仰机动为例,建立了机翼某测载剖面剪力模型,模型验证结果表明,预训练可有效降低模型初始误差,提升建模效率及精度.     

基于支持向量机的机翼载荷模型研究

在利用多元线性回归理论确定飞机机翼标定试验的载荷-应变关系时,对试验数据的精度和容量要求较高,针对这一问题,提出了一种基于支持向量机的机翼载荷确定方法。采用某型飞机机翼地面标定试验数据和飞行实测数据进行实例验证,结果显示两种载荷模型获得的载荷-时间历程整体上较为一致,支持向量机载荷模型的校验误差小于多元线性回归模型,表明支持向量机可作为获取机翼载荷的一个更加有效的手段。     

考虑气动-结构耦合的机翼三维结构拓扑优化方法

针对机翼三维结构拓扑优化方法在工程实际应用中的气动-结构耦合问题,开发了一种在机翼翼型表面直接加载气动载荷的三维拓扑优化方法。用更接近真实工程的约束和载荷条件进行结构拓扑优化,便于考虑不同翼型之间气动载荷的差异,并兼顾拓扑优化方法的载荷敏感性;利用MATLAB编写自动网格划分、施加约束和载荷、求解优化的结构分析程序,实现气动-结构分析统一模型;最后通过实例验证了方法的可行性及有效性。结果表明该方法为载荷敏感的拓扑优化方法更精确得到符合实际工况的优化结果提供了一种实用的方案;并对于气动-结构耦合三维拓扑优化方法进行了原理性的探索研究。     

组合体无人机单体机翼构型设计与拓扑优化

轻量化是飞行器设计及优化的关键指标,直接影响飞行器的作战效能。该文针对大展弦比组合式无人机中的单体无人机承力结构设计及轻量化设计需求,建立组合体无人机单体机翼框架模型,提出了在气动循环载荷作用和疲劳寿命的约束下,对机翼主要传力构件进行拓扑优化的整体设计优化方法：首先,通过有限元方法分析机翼全工况下气动载荷;其次,在极限载荷循环作用下分析机翼全域的疲劳寿命特性;最后,通过拓扑优化技术对单体机翼承力框架进行体积优化设计,优化后机翼框架减重35%,有效实现了机翼框架的轻量化设计目标。     

近空间飞行器机翼动态可靠性分析

为保证飞行器的结构可靠和飞行安全，开展近空间飞行器机翼结构动态可靠性分析和寿命预测是十分必 要的，基于近空间飞行器机翼受力分析，在考虑随机载荷和强度变化下给出了机翼动态可靠性分析的新方法。 首先分析了飞行器机翼截面的剪切应力、拉压应力和相当应力的计算; 然后考虑气动载荷作用次数用泊松随机 过程表征; 在机翼强度干涉理论的分析结构强度的基础上，提出截尾正态分布描述气动载荷的新方案，建立了 机翼动态可靠性模型，给出了可靠性指标; 分析了强度退化和飞行动态对可靠性的影响，以给出保证飞行器结 构可靠性的基本要求，为结构可靠性控制器设计提供参考。仿真结果表明，在实际飞行中若要保证飞行器的结 构可靠性，应尽量避免飞行速度过快增加及负迎角和大迎角，条件允许的情况下适当增加飞行高度。     

基于载荷设计的电动飞机复合材料机翼结构优化方法及试验验证

基于柔度法静气弹分析方法,对电动飞机复合材料机翼考虑气动弹性载荷的结构优化方法进行研究。以考虑翼型弯度的涡格法计算机翼气动载荷,并与CFD计算结果进行对比,验证其准确性。使用遗传算法对机翼结构进行铺层优化,以铺层度及铺层角度百分比为优化变量,结构重量最低为优化目标,强度及复合材料工艺性作为设计约束,对机翼结构进行优化,计算强度时考虑气动弹性载荷。最后通过静力试验验证仿真结果的准确性。研究表明直机翼考虑气动弹性载荷后翼根弯矩、剪力及扭矩均有增加,基于该优化方法可设计合适的机翼结构刚度,在满足强度设计要求同时能达到减重目的。     

大展弦比飞机机翼弯曲变形分析和测试方法

将大展弦比飞机机翼简化为变截面悬臂梁结构。基于线性叠加原理,将变截面梁划分为n段,推导出梁挠度的计算方程。根据机翼实际尺寸,并考虑机翼自重和外挂载荷建立变截面梁模型,将梁划分为5段、10段、20段计算梁的挠度。利用ANSYS有限元软件中几何非线性迭代方法,分析变截面梁受均布载荷时的变形。理论计算结果和有限元仿真结果吻合,验证了该计算方法的有效性。为计算大展弦比飞机实际飞行过程中机翼实时弯曲变形,在机翼上布置应变计并进行地面标定试验,得到载荷与应变之间的关系方程和机翼各段的弯曲刚度。通过采集飞行实测应变数据,结合标定方程将机翼各测试切面应变-时间历程转化为载荷-时间历程,再利用挠度计算方程计算机翼的实时弯曲变形情况。为大展弦比飞机飞行过程中机翼变形测试提供了一种工程测试途径。     

基于气动弹性载荷的电动飞机复合材料机翼结构优化及试验验证

基于柔度法静气弹分析方法,对电动飞机复合材料机翼考虑气动弹性载荷的结构优化方法进行研究。以考虑翼型弯度的涡格法计算机翼气动载荷,并与计算流体力学(CFD)计算结果进行对比,验证其准确性。使用遗传算法对机翼结构进行铺层优化,以铺层度及铺层角度百分比为优化变量,结构质量最低为优化目标,强度及复合材料工艺性作为设计约束,对机翼结构进行优化,计算强度时考虑气动弹性载荷。最后通过静力试验验证仿真结果的准确性。研究表明直机翼考虑气动弹性载荷后翼根弯矩、剪力及扭矩均有增加,基于该优化方法可设计合适的机翼结构刚度,在满足强度设计要求同时能达到减重目的。     

串联驱动变弯度机翼设计与气动性能分析

针对飞行性能要求,采用NACA4412翼型设计了一种串联驱动变弯度机翼方案。将机翼沿弦向分为5个翼段,前缘部分为主承力结构固定段,后缘4段翼面由4个舵机实现串联驱动。偏转翼段内部采用空间五面体桁架结构,表面敷设复合材料弹性蒙皮。翼段间采用连杆止动以限制相对转角。建立了机翼的运动学分析模型,计算了变弯度机翼的作动速度。建立了机翼的气动分析模型,对4个典型飞行工况的气动性能进行了分析,并与传统舵面机翼性能进行对比。研究表明,在相同飞行工况下,弦向四级串联驱动变弯度机翼的作动时长仅为传统机翼的25%。起飞阶段升阻比增大71.94%,滚转机动时力矩增大12.46%,进近阶段升力增大11.19%,接地后减速阶段阻力增大104.83%。串联驱动变弯度机翼相对传统舵面机翼具有更优的操纵特性和气动性能。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.