Dissolving of Nb and Ti carbonitride precipitates in microalloyed steels

The dissolving behaviour of Nb and Ti carbonitride precipitates in microalloyed steels during isothermal holding at 1300℃ was investigated by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersion x-ray spectrum (EDX). It was found that all precipitates in Nb-Ti microalloyed steel are (Nb, Ti)(C,N). With holding time increasing, the atomic ratio of Nb/Ti in precipitates decrease gradually. These precipitates still existe even after holding for 48 h at 1300℃ while Nb(C,N) precipitates dissolve away in Nb microalloyed steel only after 4 h at the same temperature. These results show that formation and thermostability of precipitates are considerably influenced by interaction between Nb and Ti.     

不同土壤锰结核对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化比较

以几种土壤锰结核为实验材料,采用平衡吸附法和化学选择溶提技术,对不同类型的氧化锰矿物氧化Cr(Ⅲ)进行了研究.结果表明,供试锰结核对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化能力大小顺序为N1>N4>N2>N5,与所含易还原性锰含量顺序不一致.换算成易还原性锰对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化后,则其顺序为N4>N2>N1>N5.由组成供试锰结核的主要氧化锰矿物得知,对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化能力:钠水锰矿>锂硬锰矿>钙锰矿,这可能与氧化锰矿物的结晶程度、晶体构造和Mn(Ⅳ)含量的差异以及Cr(Ⅲ)在氧化锰表面的吸附位置有关.     

聚酰胺树脂对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)富集分离的研究

以戊二醛、三乙烯四胺、乙二胺为原料,制备了聚酰胺树脂.用聚酰胺树脂填充分离柱,在1 mol/L的酸度条件下,以5 mL/min的流速洗脱Cr(Ⅵ),Cr(Ⅵ)被全部吸附而Cr(Ⅲ)不被吸附.被吸附的Cr(Ⅵ)用10g/L氢氧化钠从聚酰胺分离柱上洗脱.分离的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)用棓花青褪色光度法在530 nm下分别测定其含量.此法对10 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)测定的相对标准偏差分别为1.24%和1.41%,加标回收率为92.0%和96.8%,实验结果令人满意.     

One-step disposal of Cr (Ⅵ)-bearing wastewater by natural pyrrhotite

Cr(Ⅵ)-bearing wastewater can be treated by natural pyrrhotite which is used for reductant to reduce Cr(Ⅵ) and precipitant to precipitate Cr(Ⅲ) simultaneously. The disposal products can be divided into three parts in the beakers,namely supernatant in the upper part,the yellowish colloidal precipitates in the middle part and the pyrrhotite in the lower part. The content of total Cr=Cr(Ⅵ)+Cr(Ⅲ) in the supernatant liquid is 0.06 mg/L,which is lower than 1.5 mg/L of the discharge standard of China and near to 0.05 mg/L of the standard of potable water. This one-step disposal composing of both reduction and precipitation which is traditionally divided into two independent steps called reducing technology and precipitating technology respectively. The new method is of obvious economic advantage and favourable to decreasing surplus mud derived from adding Ca(OH)2 to precipitate Cr(Ⅲ) traditionally so as to avoid recontamination. In fact,sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) used in disposal of Cr(Ⅵ) was traditionally produced from natural mineral of pyrrhotite (FeS). One molecule of FeS is 4 times more than that of Na2SO3 from a view point of rational use of mineral resources. Therefore the prospective of application of the one-step disposal of Cr(Ⅵ) method is full of promise.     

Ti粉在N2中燃烧合成TiN

研究了工艺参数对TiN燃烧合成过程的影响,探讨了C引入后得到纤维状TiC及原位复相材料的工艺途径.结合相平衡分析了TiN的生成过程.     

竹炭对Cr(Ⅶ)的吸附性能研究

研究了竹炭对溶液中Cr()的吸附性能,考察了溶液pH值、竹炭粒径、吸附时间、竹炭用量和溶液初始质量浓度对吸附的影响.实验结果表明:竹炭对Cr()的吸附主要受Cr()溶液的pH值、初始质量浓度和竹炭粒径的影响,pH为1时吸附效果最好.竹炭的动态吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学方程.当Cr()溶液初始质量浓度为50 mg/L,pH为1,震荡吸附84 h后,吸附量为38.3 mg/g,震荡吸附7 d后,饱和吸附量为46.1 mg/g.竹炭对Cr()的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程.     

Behavior of precipitation in bainitic steel during relaxation processing of RPC technique

Thermal simulation test, TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) and nanobeam EDS (Energy Dispersed x-ray Spectrum) techniques were used to investigate the precipitation behavior of Nb, Ti, Mo etc. In HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) steel.The strain induced precipitation occurred during the isothermal relaxation stage after deformed in the non-recrystallization temperature region. After 30% predeformation at 850 and 900℃, there are two kinds of particles, (Ti,Nb)(C,N) and a few Nb(C,N), to precipitate during holding. The content of Nb in particles rises with the relaxation time increasing. During the final holding stage, some Nb and Ti atoms in the lattice sites of the precipitates would be replaced by Mo atoms, and the Mo content in the precipitates increases with the relaxation time. The results were compared with the refinement effect of microstructures caused by relaxationprecipitation controlling transformation (RPC) processing.     

原位合成NbC及Nb/C比对Ni-Si体系组织的影响

利用激光熔覆技术,以Ni、Si、Nb和C元素粉末为原料,改变[Nb C]加入量及Nb和C之间的相对量,在高温合金表面原位合成NbC/Ni3Si基复合材料涂层.借助金相显微镜,X射线衍射仪对涂层组织进行分析.结果表明,熔覆层由-γNi固溶体、Ni3(Si,Nb)和NbC组成.衍射图中NbC峰的出现证明在激光熔覆过程中NbC强化相可以由Nb和C直接原位反应形成.当NbC的质量分数增加时,熔覆层的枝晶组织明显变细,主要以树枝状、等轴晶的形态存在.当NbC的质量分数一定,Nb相对量较多时,枝晶间形成弥散分布的富Nb增强相Nb3Ni2Si,增强了熔覆层的强度,另一方面还阻止晶粒长大使熔覆层组织细化;当C元素相对过量时,会以游离态的形式析出,从光学显微组织观察发现对晶粒有细化效果.     

Effect of strong carbide forming elements in hardfacing weld metal

To achieve high carbon hard-facing weld metals with both high hardness and crack resistance, strong carbide forming elements Ti, Nb and V were alloyed into the weld metals, and their effect on the formation of carbides and the matrix microstructure were studied. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) were adopted to investigate the microstructure, then thermodynamics of the formation of carbides was calculated and their effect on the matrix was further discussed. It is revealed that Nb, Ti and V influence strongly the distribution and existing state of carbon, inducing precipitation of carbides accompanying with the depletion of carbon in matrix. But when only V are alloyed as carbide forming element, the carbides are scarce and distributed along grain boundaries, and the hard-facing alloy is too hard, while the using of only Nb or Ti could not reinforce the weld metals effectively. The hard-facing alloy reinforced with Nb, V and Ti can form dispersive fine carbides and low carbon martensite matrix.     

Nb 在空气中的氧化动力学及成膜机制的研究

研究了Ｎｂ在空气中（温度低于５００℃）的氧化动力学规律。用离子注入惰性气体（Ｘｅ离子）作为标记、用卢瑟福背散射（ＲＢＳ）分析研究了Ｎｂ氧化膜的成膜区域及离子迁移机制。利用椭偏仪测量了氧化膜厚度,用Ｘ射线分析、Ｘ射线电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）分析研究了氧化膜的成分及价态,最后探讨了温度对标记原子的影响。     

固定化氧化还原介体加速EscherichiacoliBL21还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响因素研究

为了研究非水溶性醌类介体加速Cr(Ⅵ)生物还原过程的影响因素,采用乙酸纤维素包埋法固定非水溶性醌类介体,探讨其调控Escherichia coli BL21还原Cr(Ⅵ)的过程。结果表明,蒽醌、1-氯蒽醌、2-氯蒽醌、1,5-二氯蒽醌、1,8-二氯蒽醌和1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌6种非水溶醌的加速顺序为1-氯蒽醌1,5-二氯蒽醌2-氯蒽醌1,8-二氯蒽醌蒽醌1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌;1-氯蒽醌的最佳加速浓度为0.048mol/L;生物还原的最佳pH值为7.00;最佳初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为30mg/L;在温度范围为20~60℃时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随温度的上升而增加;在重复利用性实验中,1-氯蒽醌乙酸纤维素小球循环使用6次,Cr(Ⅵ)生物还原速率仍是空白菌液5倍以上。乙酸纤维素固定非水溶性醌可以有效加速Escherichia coli BL21还原Cr(Ⅵ)过程,具有良好的应用价值。     

Effects of Influencing Factors on Fenton Oxidation of Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Wastewater by a Statistical Design Approach

A series of batch-scale experiments were completed to investigate the effects of operational parameters on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal by Fenton reagent for antibiotic pharmaceutical wastewater (APW). The significance of five operational factors including the mass ratio of H2O2/COD (g/g), the mole ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ (mol/mol), initial pH, oxidation temperature T, and reaction time t were evaluated statistically by Box-Behnken design (BBD). It was found that the five parameters were all significant to the COD removal efficiency by t-test, as well as the interactions between mass ratio/reaction time and oxidation temperature/reaction. The optimal COD removal efficiency (89.50%) was achieved when the mass ratio of H2O2/COD and the mole ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ were 3.00 and 5.00 respectively, with pH value of 3.68 at 298K for 72min reaction. A quadratic regression model with 0.9907 regression coefficient (R2) was developed which had good agreement to the experimental data.     

黄铁矿矿石处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水研究

以黄铁矿矿石代替化学药剂处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水.考察了初始pH值和黄铁矿粒径对去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,结果表明初始pH为1~2、黄铁矿矿石粒径小于200目(0.076 mm)的条件下,处理效果最佳,去除率可达98%以上.吸收光谱考察表明黄铁矿矿石处理含Cr2O72-废水存在Cr(VI)→Cr3 的还原过程;漫反射红外光谱分析表明,在处理实验过程中,溶液pH值不断升高,并趋于中性,主要是碳酸盐的溶解引起的.     

改性活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

利用Al_2(SO_4)_3对活性炭进行表面改性处理,对比研究未改性活性炭和铝盐改性的活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性。实验结果表明,铝盐改性的活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果好;其吸附等温线更加符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,且吸附属于自发的吸热反应,吸附方式以化学吸附为主;其吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学方程,吸附速率受颗粒内扩散和液膜扩散共同限制。     

基于PHREEQC程序的地下水Cr(Ⅵ)的亚铁还原去除研究

采用实验探究与程序模拟的双重方法考察地下水中含Cr(Ⅵ)的亚铁还原去除过程,考察pH、原料投量与共存阴离子对反应进程的影响,并运用PHREEQC 程序对实验结果的内在机制进行解释.结果表明:Fe(Ⅱ)还原去除Cr(Ⅵ)在碱性条件下可以获得较好的去除效果;同时投加的FeSO₄·7H₂O 与Cr的质量比在80∶1时,去除过程达到较经济有效的处理效果.其原因是不同的反应条件影响铬化合物形成的种类与饱和指数(SI),从而影响其去除效果.地下水中存在大量的共存阴离子,其中Cl-易与Cr(Ⅲ)形成不稳定复合物从而对反应进程产生抑制作用;SiO₂3- 因其在不同pH 条件下存在形式不同而对反应进程影响不同,在酸性与中性条件下产生抑制作用,在碱性条件下呈现促进作用.      

污泥吸附剂对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学研究

以剩余污泥为原料,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为活化剂制取改性吸附剂,通过恒温水浴振荡静态吸附实验研究了改性吸附剂对含Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)废水的吸附性能.借助比表面积测定仪、红外光谱仪和扫描电镜仪对改性前后的污泥进行了表征.比较了污泥改性前后的吸附效果、考察了溶液初始pH、溶液初始浓度、吸附平衡时间、温度等因素对吸附效率的影响,同时,研究了改性污泥吸附剂对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)的吸附动力学行为.结果表明,改性污泥吸附剂表面及孔洞均变得疏松和粗糙,且孔洞明显增大,BET比表面积为14.97 m~2·g~(-1).改性后污泥对Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)的吸附性能明显增加,在Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)初始浓度均为50 mg·L~(-1)时,吸附剂投加量4 g·L~(-1),反应体系温度25℃,pH为3.0,吸附平衡时间为30 min时,去除率比改性前分别增大了56.79%和47.60%;Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)离子最大理论吸附量分别达到21.06和14.85 mg·g~(-1).吸附机制分析表明,吸附等温线数据符合Langmuir模型,模型R~2分别为0.998和0.999,存在单分子层吸附;在实验温度下(15、25、35、45℃)的吸附动力学实验数据符合准二级动力学模型,R~2均达到了0.99以上,且随着温度的升高,吸附越容易进行,说明Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(VI)的吸附以化学吸附为主,物理吸附为辅.改性吸附剂能够应用于含有重金属的废水处理,实现废物资源化利用.     

One-step disposal of Cr (Ⅵ)-bearing wastewater by natural pyrrhotite

Cr(VI)-bearing wastewater can be treated by natural pyrrhotite which is used for reductant to reduce Cr(VI) and precipitant to precipitate Cr(III) simultaneously. The disposal products can be divided into three parts in the beakers, namely supernatant in the upper part, the yellowish colloidal precipitates in the middle part and the pyrrhotite in the lower part. The content of total Cr=Cr(VI)+Cr(III) in the supernatant liquid is 0.06 mg/L, which is lower than 1.5 mg/L of the discharge standard of China and near to 0.05 mg/L of the standard of potable water. This one-step disposal composing of both reduction and precipitation which is traditionally divided into two independent steps called reducing technology and precipitating technology respectively. The new method is of obvious economic advantage and favourable to decreasing surplus mud derived from adding Ca(OH)₂ to precipitate Cr(III) traditionally so as to avoid recontamination. In fact, sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) used in disposal of Cr(VI) was traditionally produced from natural mineral of pyrrhotite (FeS). One molecule of FeS is 4 times more than that of Na₂SO₃ from a view point of rational use of mineral resources. Therefore the prospective of application of the one-step disposal of Cr(VI) method is full of promise.     

含铌Hi-B钢织构的演变

以两种含Nb量不同的Hi-B钢为研究对象,借助OM、SEM及XRD研究了试验钢在常化、冷轧及脱碳退火过程中织构的演变规律。结果表明,两组试验钢常化板沿板厚方向存在织构差异,表层及次表层主要为{110}112、{112}111及Goss织构组分,中心层以{001}110、{111}112及{112}110织构组分为主,除次表层Goss织构外,低Nb钢中各织构组分含量均高于高Nb钢;冷轧过程中,{112}111和{110}001织构转变为{111}面织构,{112}110织构转向{001}110织构,高Nb钢中各织构组分含量均高于低Nb钢;脱碳退火过程中,两组试验钢中均形成了较强的{111}面织构,高Nb钢中含有更强的{111}面织构和更弱的Goss织构组分,并且Goss晶粒与{111}112晶粒之间的取向差更接近Σ9晶界。     

Fe-Cr-Ni-N 系耐热合金的研究概况

叙述了Fe-Cr-Ni-N系耐热合金的历史发展及现状，概述了目前国内国外研究本合金抗高温氧化腐蚀的理论观点，为进一步研究和发展Fe-Cr-Ni-N系耐热合金作参考。     

N,N-二甲基甲酰胺缓蚀膜的影响因素

在金属铜表面制备各种N,N-二甲基甲酰胺自组装膜,用交流阻抗(AC)和循环伏安(CV)研究了形成组装膜的最佳浓度,最佳组装时间,以及在不同浓度的NaCl溶液中该膜对铜电极的缓蚀行为.