Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on growth, fatty acid composition and hepatic lipogenesis in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.)

We examined the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on growth, fatty acid composition and enzyme activity of fatty acid oxidation in the liver of large yellow croaker. We divided 1600 fish (average initial weight 150 g) into 4 groups and reared them in 8 cages. Four dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0%, 1%, 2% and 4% (w/w) CLA, respectively. The fish were fed for 10 weeks ad libitum twice daily. We found that the dietary CLA had no effect on growth, biometric parameters and whole body proximate (P>0.05), but showed some significant effects on the fatty acid composition in both muscle and the liver. The activities of lipogenic enzymes were slightly depressed in fish fed with increasing levels of CLA when compared with control (P>0.05). Dietary CLA supplementation had no effects on liver lipid content, but significantly increased the contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P<0.05) and decreased monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content in both muscle and the liver. Dietary CLA inclusion resulted in significant increases of the biologically active cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers in both tissues (P<0.05). The total accumulation of CLA was higher in the liver (3.83%, w/w) than in muscle (3.77%, w/w) when fed with 4% (w/w) CLA. This study demonstrates that large yellow croakers are capable of absorbing and depositing CLA and long-chain n-3 PUFA in the liver and muscle, showing that this species fed with CLA could be an important human food source for these healthful fatty acids.     

Fatty acid profiles of muscle from large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.) of different age

We investigated the fatty acid profiles of muscle from large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.) of different age. One- and two-year-old fish were cultured in floating net cages and sampled randomly for analysis. Moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents were determined by methods of Association of Analytical Chemist (AOAC) International. Fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography. Crude protein, fat, moisture and ash contents showed no significant differences between the two age groups. The contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly higher and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content was significantly lower in the two-year-old large yellow croaker than in the one-year-old (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the contents of total saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids, or the ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids among the large yellow croakers of the two age groups. We conclude that large yellow croakers are good food sources of EPA and DHA.     

豆粕替代鱼粉对日本黄姑鱼生长、饲料利用及体成分影响的研究

开展了为期63 d的饲养试验以评价豆粕替代鱼粉对日本黄姑鱼生长、体组成和饲料利用率的影响。配制了3种等氮饲料,以豆粕蛋白分别替代0%、20%和40%的鱼粉蛋白,饲养初始重大约5.67～5.77 g/尾的幼鱼。结果显示,各组间的增重率和特定生长率值没有显著差异性存在(P>0.05)。然而添加豆粕的D2和D3组的摄食率和FCR值显著地高于鱼粉组,PER的值显著地低于鱼粉组(P<0.05)。日本黄姑鱼的内脏比、肠脂比和丰满度的值在各组之间无显著性差异存在(P>0.05),但高水平豆粕添加组(D3)的肝体比最低,且显著地低于D2组(P<0.05)。不同饲料处理对日本黄姑鱼体成分和背肌组织成分组成没有显著性影响(P>0.05)。总之,在本实验条件下,豆粕可以替代40%的饲料鱼粉蛋白而没有引起日本黄姑鱼生长的下降。     

Effects of angiotensin II on connexin 43 of VSMCs in arteriosclerosis

Objective: To observe the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) on expression of gap junction channel protein connexin 43 (Cx43) in the proliferation process of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during the early stage of arteriosclerosis. Methods: Thirty-two adult male rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups. Rabbits in Group A were fed common diet while others in Groups B, C, and D were fed high-cholesterol diet. Losartan (10 mg/(kg·d)) and ramipril (0.5 mg/(kg·d)) were added in the diet of Groups C and D, respectively. The animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks and abdominal aortas were removed and dissected. The expression of Cx43 was assayed using RT-PCR and Western Blotting analysis. Results: Cx43 was increased markedly in both protein and mRNA level in Groups B, C, and D fed high-cholesterol diet compared with that in control group (P<0.01). Cx43 level in losartan or ramipril treated groups was higher than that in control group (P<0.01, P<0.05), but lower than that in high-cholesterol diet groups (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion: Cx43 level was upregulated in VSMCs during early atherosclerosis. Losartan and ramipril can inhibit the expression of Cx43.     

大黄鱼Rab11基因的克隆与表达分析

克隆了大黄鱼小G蛋白家族中的Rab11基因,测序查明其cDNA序列全长1373 bp,其中5’非编码区为129 bp,3’非编码区为587 bp,开放阅读框为657 bp,编码218个氨基酸;其氨基酸序列与罗非鱼、斑马鱼等鱼类Rab11蛋白序列同源性在95％左右,与人类、大熊猫等物种的同源性也达到90%以上。Rab11基因在大黄鱼脾脏、鳃、肾脏、皮肤、肝脏、血液、肠、心脏和胃9个组织中均有表达,在血液、肝脏中表达量最高,在胃中表达量最低;溶藻弧菌刺激后大黄鱼肝脏、肾脏和脾脏组织中Rab11基因的表达量均明显上调,提示Rab11在大黄鱼的抗病免疫反应中有着重要的作用。     

大黄鱼幼鱼对低盐度的耐受性研究

通过设置盐度的突变和渐变实验研究了大黄鱼幼鱼对低盐度的耐受性.结果表明:在盐度突变实验中,将大黄鱼幼鱼直接从海水（盐度27.2）移入盐度为3～24的水中,72 h内不会导致明显死亡;从海水移入盐度为2的水中,72 h的存活率可达72%;从海水移入盐度为1的水中,3 h后开始出现死亡,24 h内大部分死亡;从海水移入淡水中,6 h内全部死亡.在盐度渐变实验中,将大黄鱼幼鱼从海水直接移入盐度为6的水中后,再以不同的幅度降低盐度,在盐度高于3时,大黄鱼幼鱼的死亡率与相应盐度的突变实验相比无明显差异;在盐度低于2时,大黄鱼幼鱼的死亡率低于相应盐度的突变实验的结果.研究表明,大黄鱼幼鱼具有较高的低盐度耐受力     

Optimization of antioxidant activity by response surface methodology in hydrolysates of jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) umbrella collagen

To optimize the hydrolysis conditions to prepare hydrolysates of jellyfish umbrella collagen with the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, collagen extracted from jellyfish umbrella was hydrolyzed with trypsin, and response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. The optimum conditions obtained from experiments were pH 7.75, temperature (T) 48.77 °C, and enzyme-to-substrate ratio ([E]/[S]) 3.50%. The analysis of variance in RSM showed that pH and [E]/[S] were important factors that significantly affected the process (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The hydrolysates of jellyfish umbrella collagen were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and three fractions (HF-1>3000 Da, 1000 Da<HF-2<3000 Da, and HF-3<1000 Da) were collected. The HF-2 fraction had the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with the highest yield compared with the other two fractions. Furthermore, HF-2 also showed the strongest Cu²⁺-chelating ability and the best tyrosinase-inhibitory activity.     

矿物元素平衡对鸡肉粉替代凡纳滨对虾饲料鱼粉的影响

为探究低盐度养殖条件下鸡肉粉的矿物元素组成对鸡肉粉替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中的鱼粉的效果,设计了3组等氮等脂的饲料,其中对照组(FM组)含鱼粉30%（质量分数）;实验组以鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉,一实验组（PBM组）不添加矿物元素,另一实验组（PBMF组）补充矿物元素使其达到FM组水平.对初始重（0.30±0.01）g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾进行8周的摄食生长实验.实验结果显示:PBMF组的对虾增重率显著高于PBM组,但显著低于FM组(P<0.05);PBM组的对虾血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、鳃丝总-ATP酶和Na+/K+-ATP酶活力显著高于FM和PBMF组(P<0.05);但PBM组对虾的血清Na和Mn含量显著低于FM和PBMF组(P<0.05);PBMF组对虾全体的Mn含量显著高于FM和PBM组(P<0.05).可见,在盐度2~3下,鸡肉粉的矿物元素组成不平衡是影响其替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中的鱼粉的效果的关键因素之一.     

饲料中D-葡萄糖含量对白鲟稚鱼的生长、脂肪合成酶及肝组成的影响

以不同含量的D-葡萄糖(0%,7%,14%,21%,28%和35%)饲料饲喂白鲟稚鱼8周.7%以上各组的能量贮留和体脂含量均显著高于0%实验组,但机体的蛋白组成及贮留却不受此处理影响.饲料中D-葡萄糖含量的增加,导致稚鲟的血糖、血浆三酰甘油脂以及4种主要肝脂肪合成酶活性的提高.28%和35%两组的肝脂肪合成酶活性比0%和7%两组要大2—3倍.肝体指数、肝重及肝糖元水平均随饲料中D-葡萄糖含量的提高而逐渐增加,饲喂葡萄糖饲料各组的肝糖元水平均显著高于0%组2倍以上.     

饲料中不同脂肪含量对草鱼稚鱼生长的影响

采用混合脂肪源（鱼肝油：豆油：猪油＝１：１：１）以不同脂肪含量梯度（３％，９％，１２％，１５％）配制成５种精制试验饲料，驿草鱼稚鱼做８周饲喂对比，综合分析其生长效率各参数。结果发现，草鱼稚鱼饲料中的适宜脂肪含量约为８．８％。分析表明，在满足鱼体蛋白需求的基础上，适当选取饲料原以提供组成平衡的必需脂肪酸，草鱼利用饲料脂肪的能力并不象以往认为的那么低下。     

Astragalus mongholicus ameliorates renal fibrosis by modulating HGF and TGF-β in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction

Astragalus mongholicus (AM) derived from the dry root of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. The present study investigated the potential role of AM on renal fibrosis on a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). We divided 48 Sprague-Dawley rats randomly into 4 groups: sham-operated group (Sham), untreated UUO group, AM-treated (10 g/(kg·d)) UUO group, and losartan-treated (20 mg/(kg·d)) UUO group as positive control. Haematoxylin & eosin (HE) and Masson staining were used to study the dynamic histological changes of the kidneys 7 and 14 d after operation. The expressions of fibronectin (FN), type I collagen (colI), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry staining, and Western blot. Results show that, similar to losartan, AM alleviated the renal damage and decreased the deposition of FN and colI from UUO by reducing the expressions of TGF-β1 and α-SMA (P<0.05), whereas HGF increased greatly with AM treatment (P<0.05). Our findings reveal that AM could retard the progression of renal fibrosis. The renoprotective effect of AM might be related to inhibition of myofibroblast activation, inducing of HGF and reducing of TGF-β1 expression.     

维生素B＿（12）对中国对虾抗Cu（Ⅱ）毒能力的影响

用添加了维生素Ｂ＿（１２）的配合饵料饲喂中国对虾，采用国内外通用的鱼类毒性实验方法，对中国对虾进行Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）急性致毒实验。结果表明，维生素Ｂ＿（１２）在配合饵料中的添加量达到６×１０￣（－６）％时，中国对虾对Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）毒的抵抗力明显增强。     

Adiponectin levels are associated with the number and activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary artery disease

Objective: To study the relationship between plasma adiponectin concentration and the functional activities of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: Circulating EPCs were enumerated as AC133⁺/KDR⁺ cells via flow cytometry and identified by co-staining with DiI-acLDL and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated lectin under a fluorescent microscope. The migratory capacity of EPCs was measured by modified Boyden chamber assay. Adhesion capacity was performed to count adherent cells after replating EPCs on six-well culture dishes coated with fibronectin. Results: The number of circulating EPCs (AC133⁺/KDR⁺ cells) decreased significantly in CAD patients, compared with control subjects [(74.2±12.3) vs (83.5±12.9) cells/ml blood, P<0.01]. In addition, the number of EPCs also decreased in CAD patients after ex vivo cultivation [(54.4±8.6) vs (71.9±11.6) EPCs/field, P<0.01]. Both circulating EPCs and differentiated EPCs were positively correlated with plasma adiponectin concentration. The functional activities of EPCs from CAD patients, such as migratory and adherent capacities, were also impaired, compared with control subjects, and positively correlated with plasma adiponectin concentration. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the impairment of the number and functional activities of EPCs in CAD patients is correlated with their lower plasma adiponectin concentrations.     

Assessment of volumetric bone mineral density of the femoral neck in postmenopausal women with and without vertebral fractures using quantitative multi-slice CT

Objective: To demonstrate the validity and reliability of volumetric quantitative computed tomography (vQCT) with multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for hip bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, and to compare the differences between the two techniques in discriminating postmenopausal women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures from those without. Methods: Ninety subjects were enrolled and divided into three groups based on the BMD values of the lumbar spine and/or the femoral neck by DXA. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of postmenopausal women with BMD changes <−2SD, with and without radiographically confirmed vertebral fracture (n=11 and 33, respectively). Group 3 comprised normal controls with BMD changes ≥−1SD (n=46). Post-MSCT (GE, LightSpeed16) scan reconstructed images of the abdominal-pelvic region, 1.25 mm thick per slice, were processed by OsteoCAD software to calculate the following parameters: volumetric BMD values of trabecular bone (TRAB), cortical bone (CORT), and integral bone (INTGL) of the left femoral neck, femoral neck axis length (NAL), and minimum cross-section area (mCSA). DXA BMD measurements of the lumbar spine (AP-SPINE) and the left femoral neck (NECK) also were performed for each subject. Results: The values of all seven parameters were significantly lower in subjects of Groups 1 and 2 than in normal postmenopausal women (P<0.05, respectively). Comparing Groups 1 and 2, 3D-TRAB and 3D-INTGL were significantly lower in postmenopausal women with vertebral fracture(s) [(109.8±9.61) and (243.3±33.0) mg/cm³, respectively] than in those without [(148.9±7.47) and (285.4±17.8) mg/cm³, respectively] (P<0.05, respectively), but no significant differences were evident in AP-SPINE or NECK BMD. Conclusion: the femoral neck-derived volumetric BMD parameters using vQCT appeared better than the DXA-derived ones in discriminating osteoporotic postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures from those without. vQCT might be useful to evaluate the effect of osteoporotic vertebral fracture status on changes in bone mass in the femoral neck.     

不同玉米淀粉水平对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺脂肪代谢的影响

 采用8周的生长实验研究了以玉米淀粉为糖源的不同淀粉水平(w为10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%）对初始体质量为（0.96±0.02）g凡纳滨对虾的生长、体营养成分组成、肝胰脏显微结构和肝胰腺脂肪合成酶的影响。实验饲料中w(蛋白质)为38%;w(脂肪)＝5%。实验在室内循环水族箱内进行,实验用水为天然咸淡水（盐度：6‰～14‰）,6组饲料每组设3个重复,每箱30尾虾,饱食量投喂。实验结果表明:w(淀粉)＝15%实验组对虾的增质量率、SGR最高,分别为45362％和3.06,与w(淀粉)＝10%和w(淀粉)＝20%组无显著性差异,但明显高于其他各组;w〖WTBZ〗(淀粉)＝10%组的对虾成活率最高（96.67％）,w(淀粉)＝25％组最低（66.67％）;w(淀粉)在25%～35%时,对虾的增质量率、成活率、SGR显著低于w(淀粉)为10％、15％和20％组（P<0.05）。w(淀粉)＝20％组的体蛋白含量最低（72.24％）,w(淀粉)＝30％组最高（75.27％）,其余各组没有显著性差异;高淀粉组体脂肪含量相对较高。从凡纳滨对虾的肝胰脏组织学切片观察到,饲料w(淀粉)为10％～35％的范围内,肝胰脏脂肪无异常积累。肝胰腺中脂肪合成酶活性很低,苹果酸脱氢酶活性随饲料淀粉含量的增加而升高。总之,在饲料蛋白含量为w＝38%左右时,凡纳滨对虾饲料适宜的淀粉含量(w)为10％～20%。     

大黄鱼体重和内脏指标的相关性分析

为研究大黄鱼主要内脏指标差异及其与体重的相关性,随机取500尾养殖大黄鱼（雌鱼262尾,雄鱼238尾）,分别测定体重、肠长和5个主要m(脏器),计算脏器指数（I）。结果显示:除I（心脏）外,大黄鱼各m(脏器)和I（脏器）在雌雄间均有显著性差异（P<0.05）;大黄鱼部分m(脏器)之间和I（脏器）之间达到显著性相关;除I（性腺）和I（肠长）外,余m（脏器）和I（脏器）均与体重和m（胴体)呈极显著相关（P <0.01）;大黄鱼的m(心脏)、m(肝脏)、m(鳔)、m(胃肠)及肠长随鱼体增大而增加。多元回归分析显示m(脏器)与体重有显著相关性,其中m(鳔)与体重的相关性最强。     

Prebiotic oligosaccharides change the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and the microbial population of mouse bowel

The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), and chitooligosaccharides (COS) [1000 mg/(kg body weight·d)]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased (P<0.05) by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.     

肉仔鸡无鱼粉饲粮配方的试验研究(0—4周令)

120只肉仔鸡分为三个组。饲粮中含10％鱼粉的为对照组;饲粮中无鱼粉的为试验组。但另加0.2％的赖氨酸和0.2％的蛋氨酸。经28天试验,结果表明:无鱼粉组与含10％鱼粉的组相比较,不仅取得了同样的增重效果(p>0.05),而且饲粮成本降低,经济效益明显。     

Effect of tramadol on immune responses and nociceptive thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain

Objective： To evaluate the effects oftramadol on the proinflammatory responses in a rat model of incisional pain by investigating its effects on nociceptive thresholds and serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-2 levels. Methods： Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats scheduled for plantar incision were randomly divided into 7 groups 01=6 in each group）. Rats in Group 1 receiving general anesthesia with no incision were served as control; At 30 min before skin incision, Groups 2-5 were given 5 ml normal saline or 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg tramadol, respectively, intraperitoneally （i.p.）; Group 6 received 10 mg/kg tramadol after operation; Group 7 received 10 mg/kg tramadol before incision, followed by 200 μg/kg naloxone after operation. Mechanical allodynia was measured by electronic yon Frey filament to evaluate the nociceptive thresholds 1 h before incision, and 1 h and 2 h after operation. Serum IL-6 and IL-2 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） 2 h after operation. Results： Mechanical thresholds decreased significantly and serum IL-6 level increased significantly after operation in Group 2 compared with control （P〈0.01）, and these changes were reversed respectively by tramadol in a dose-dependent manner （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01, respectively）. IL-2 level remained unchanged after operation in Group 2, but decreased in Group 3 （P〈0.05）, then gradually returned to the normal level in Groups 4 and 5. The intraperitoneally injected tramadol （10 and 20 mg/kg） produced a potent and dose-dependent antinocicptive effect on the lesioned paw. The antinocicptive effects of tramadol were partially an- tagonized by naloxone （200 μg/kg）, suggesting an additional non-opioid mechanism. Conclusion： The results suggest that tramadol could be a good choice for the treatment of pain under the conditions that immunosuppression may be particularly contraindicated.     

Relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

Objective: To investigate the relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) G894T and 27 bp-variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal women of Chinese Han nationality. Methods: In the present study, 281 postmenopausal women from Xi’an urban area in West China were recruited, and divided into osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups according to the diagnostic criteria of osteoporosis proposed by World Health Organization (WHO). The bone mineral density (BMD) values of lumbar vertebrae and left hips were determined by QDR-2000 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were tested for plasma biochemical indicators including testosterone, estradiol, calcitonin, osteocalcin, and procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by spectrophotometric method, and the content of nitric oxide by Griess method. Genome DNA was extracted from whole blood, and G894T polymorphism of eNOS gene was analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and 27 bp-VNTR polymorphism of eNOS gene was genotyped by PCR method. Then the relationships between genotypes and biochemical indicators, genotypes and osteoporosis, and haplotypes and osteoporosis were analyzed. Results: The average BMD values of the femoral neck, ward’s triangle and lumbar vertebrae 1~4 (L1~L4) in the subjects with T/T genotype in eNOS G894T locus were significantly higher than those in the subjects with G/T and G/G genotypes (P<0.05). The average BMD of the femoral neck in the subjects with a/a genotype of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR locus was evidently higher than that in the subjects with b/b genotype (P<0.05). The plasma testosterone and osteocalcin concentrations in the subjects of eNOS G894T G/T genotype were evidently higher than those in the subjects of other genotypes (P<0.05); the plasma estradiol concentration in the subjects of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a/a genotype was obviously higher than that in the subjects of b/b genotype (P<0.01). eNOS G/G homozygous frequencies in osteoporosis women, osteopenia women, and normal women were 85.37%, 76.38%, and 83.87%, respectively (P>0.05). 0% osteoporosis woman, 0.79% osteopenia women, and 3.23% normal women were eNOS a/a homozygous (P<0.05). The frequencies of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a allele were 5.33% in the osteoporosis group, 10.24% in the osteopenia group, and 16.13% in the normal group (P<0.05, odds ratio (OR)=0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.11~0.77), suggesting that a/a genotype and a allele might have protective effects on osteoporosis. The haplotype analysis showed that G-b was 87.7% (214/244) in the osteoporosis group (P<0.05, OR=2.48, 95% CI=1.18~5.18). G-a was 5.3% (13/244) in the osteoporosis group (P<0.05, OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.11~0.77). G-b was a risk factor for osteoporosis, and G-a a protective factor. Conclusion: eNOS G894T G/T genotype influenced the plasma testosterone and osteocalcin concentrations, and T/T genotype influenced BMD. eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a/a genotype increased plasma estradiol concentration to have a protective effect on osteoporosis.